Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to A Larmande.
Some orbital metastases (16 cases in the literature and 2 personal cases) involve a histologically typical enophtalmos with profuse fibrous stroma. They arise after squirrhous carcinoma of the breast or plastic linitis of the stomach.
Lancaster's test has many technical inconveniences : Its interpretation is sometimes difficult or impossible. The information it gives is often incomplete. It is of no value in cases with binocular motor lesions. It should always be combined with other oculomotor examinations.
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Two pathways for vertical vergence probably exist: the cortical one carrying a psycho-optical reflex, the other sub-cortical connected to the vestibular apparatus and more probably to the otolith system. The sub-cortical pathway is essentially a vestibulo-cerebellar oculomotor pathway; but in addition there certainly exist direct vestibulo-oculomotor connections and long tracts passing through the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and the reticular formation.
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The vertical vergences are rather weak physiological conjugate movements of the eyes. When the ocular axes approach each other or deviate, a vertical convergence or divergence occurs. These reflex movements are evoked either by visual stimuli (fusional vergence) or by labyrinthine stimuli. In pathological situations vertical vergences may become evident in permanent or alternating hyperphorias, in the strabismus occurring in the Hertwig-Magendie syndrome, in see-saw nystagmus and in labyrinthine lesions (such as Meniere's disease, after labyrinthectomy and after section of the VIIIth nerve).
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