Morphometry of corrosion casts.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
A Lametschwandtner
Publications and source records attributed to A Lametschwandtner.
Esophageal vasculature in the guinea pig: a scanning electron microscope study of vascular corrosion casts.
The esophageal vascularization of adult male and female albinotic Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) is studied by means of light microscopically evaluated serial sections and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts. Bronchoesophageal artery (cervical portion), direct branches of the aorta, recurrent branches of the intercostal arteries (thoracic portion) as well as of the left gastric artery (abdominal portion) supply the esophagus; internal jugular vein, inferior thyroid vein (cervical portion), azygos vein, intercostal veins (thoracic portion) and portal vein, gastroepiploic vein and cranial pancreatoduodenal vein (abdominal portion) drain it. Longitudinally arranged arterioles, venules and capillaries lying at the level of the lamina propria of the esophageal mucosa around the whole circumference of the organ are the most striking vascular features, whereby the venules are considered as those vessels from which esophageal varices arise under pathological conditions.
Animals↗
Vascularization of the telencephalic choroid plexus of a ganoid fish [Acipenser ruthenus (L.)].
The vascularization of the telencephalic choroid plexus of the sterlet Acipenser ruthenus, a ganoid fish, was examined by vascular corrosion casting and by light and transmission electron microscopy. The arterial supply is from the dorsal mesencephalic artery via: 1) the ventral choroidal arteries (left and right); 2) the dorsal choroidal arteries (left and right); 3) the caudal choroidal arteries (left and right); 4) the ventral arteries of the dorsal sac; and, from the olfactory arteries, via 5) the rostral choroidal arteries. The venous drainage is mainly through a single main choroidal vein that can take various courses either directly to the anterior cardinal vein or via the middle cerebral vein to the anterior cardinal vein. To a lesser extent, the plexus is drained via the lateral telencephalic veins and the ventral vein of the dorsal sac to the middle cerebral vein. By angioarchitecture and form, the plexus can be subdivided into five distinct parts: the surface network, the median folds, the large lateral folds, the small lateral folds, and the area common to the bottom of the dorsal sac and the telencephalic plexus. Diameters of terminal vessels as measured from vascular corrosion casts and from paraplast, semithin, and ultrathin sections were never less than 10 micron. It is suggested that the different areas in one plexus may have different functions with respect to secretion and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid.
Animals↗
Vascularization of male gonads in Blennius pavo (Teleostei, Blenniidae) as revealed by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts.
The vascular architecture of male gonads of Blennius pavo is studied by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. Arterial supply to the gonads is by a branch of the first ventral segmental artery of the tail. From the surface of the gonads, this vessel gives rise to branches which supply testes, spermatic ducts, testicular glands, blind pouches, urogenital sinus and urogenital papilla. The testis has a rope-ladder-like capillary network around the seminiferous tubules, while in the testicular gland the capillary network is irregular in form. The spermatic ducts are found to have an exterior capillary network located in the compact connective tissue layer and an interior one, lying subepithelially. Urogenital sinus and urogenital papilla show a multilayered capillary network. Angioarchitecture in mature and immature gonads does not differ.
Animals↗
The angioarchitecture of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle of the rabbit. A scanning electron microscopic study of vascular corrosion casts.
The vascularization of the choroid plexus of the rabbit's lateral ventricle has been studied by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. Based on the vascular patterns discerned, the plexus was subdivided into 6 different parts: the inferior, lateral, central and superior parts, the free margin and the lingula. These differ in structure and localization. While the arterial supply of the inferior part is via the anterior choroidal artery, the central and superior part are supplied by the posterior choroidal arteries. Three main veins leave the plexus and drain to the basilar vein from the inferior part and to the internal cerebral vein from the inferior, central and superior part. Capillary diameters were typically 10-15 micron. Regular nodular thickenings up to 24 micron in diameter were seen in the free margin and the superior, lateral and inferior parts. 'Garland' shaped capillary configurations sheathing arteries as well as veins were found all over the plexus. It is suggested that these 6 different parts of the plexus described here may reflect functionally different areas.
Animals↗
Technical parameters of plastics (Mercox CL-2B and various methylmethacrylates) used in scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts.
The most frequently used resins for vascular corrosion casting Mercox Cl-2B, Mercox Cl-2B diluted with methylmethacrylate (MMA) monomer and various self prepared MMA and hydroxypropyl-methacrylate mixtures were tested with regard to their thermostability, shrinkage, viscosity and replication quality. It was found that tempering of the plastics improves their thermostability with the exception of Mercox Cl-2B and that shrinkage depends on the amount of monomers a resin contains. In detail; Mercox Cl-2B has the lowest shrinkage (8.018%) whereas a hydroxypropyl-methacrylate mixture possessed the highest (20.408%). But, on the other hand, viscosity decreases with the quantity of monomers. All resins tested were able to replicate structures of 260 nm height but the resins' quality of replication was found to be limited by the effects of shrinkage. Finally, a method to estimate the blood volume of organs and tissues with the help of vascular corrosion casts is given.
Animals↗
The angioarchitecture of the Lewis lung carcinoma in laboratory mice (a light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic study).
53 Lewis lung carcinomas implanted subcutaneously into C57BL/6-mice were examined. The animals were killed at various stages of tumor growth (TG) and prepared for histology and for scanning electron microscopy (critical-point-dried tissue; vascular corrosion casts). Prior to casting animals were rinsed using different perfusion pressures. Casting was done by manual injection of the resin, whereby different influx-rates were applied resulting in low, medium and high pressure preparations. We discern 3 phases of tumor angiogenesis (TA) occurring during 4 stages of TG among which vasodilation establishes the first reaction of the host vascular system to a growing tumor implant. During this stage 1 of TG, tumor nidation, nearby sinusoidal dilated host capillaries form globular outgrowings (phase 1 of TA). Subsequently radially arranged sprouts, which preferentially arise from venous host vessels, grow into the centre of the implant (phase 2 of TA). Stage 2 of TG, early tumor growth, is characterized by necrosis of the central tumor tissue and the development of a central avascular cavity. Thus the tumor vascular system is organized like a hollow sphere with a central cavity and a peripheral vascular "envelope" with large vessels embracing the tumor and centrifugally growing vascular sprouts, which arise from the venous part of the vascular "envelope" and invade the surrounding host tissue (phase 3 of TA). During stage 3 of TG, late tumor growth, many vessels of the basket-like vascular "envelope" obliterate. In stage 4 of TG, prefinal phase, the peripheral vascular density decreases continuously. Thus vascular sprouting and proliferation of viable tumor cells is confined to basal regions of the tumor.
Arterioles↗
The characteristic structural features of the blood vessels of the Lewis lung carcinoma (a light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic study).
Vascular corrosion casts of Lewis lung carcinomas (LLC) grown subcutaneously in C57BL/6-mice are correlated with histological sections and with tumor tissue prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). By making low, medium and high pressure cast preparations we studied the influence of perfusion and injection pressure on the resulting cast sample. Three types of vascular proliferations are distinguishable in LLC: Small globular outgrowths on sinusoidal dilated tumor capillaries, caused by proliferation of their endothelial cells. New sprouts on surrounding host vessels, invading the small, still avascular implant. Superficially located, centrifugally running sprouts in peripheral regions of large tumors. They invade the surrounding host tissue. Vascular sprouts are of venous origin, have a fragmentary endothelium and are rather "leaky" if casted. High pressure preparations of large tumors reveal central avascular cavities surrounded by centripetally running, compressed and blind ending tumor vessels. Irrespective of the applied injection pressure, the casts always exhibit extravasal channels caused by degeneration of the endothelium of central tumor vessels. We show that SEM of vascular corrosion casts combined with histology not only demonstrates such contrary processes as the development of tumor blood vessels and the simultaneously occurring vascular degeneration, but also elucidates all other morphological characteristics of the tumor vascular system.
Animals↗
Ultrastructural findings after the use of a CO2 laser in carpal tunnel surgery.
The laser beam enables tissue cutting and care of the cut edges, which prevents an increased scar tissue formation. For this reason we have used the laser beam in carpal tunnel surgery for transection or sealing of the transverse carpal ligament since 1981 because scar tissue formation is for the most part the cause of recurrence. Scanning-electron microscopic studies of the carpal ligament show the difference between the laser and traditional cutting techniques. After using the laser beam, there is no normal tissue structure; the cut surface appears as uneven and rough in contrast to the cut surface of the cold knife.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome↗
Scanning electron microscopic findings on the rabbit meninges after local lavage with Polyvinylpyrrolidon-Jod-Komplex.
The microbicide Polyvinylpyrrolidon-Jod-Komplex (P.J.K.) was experimentally evaluated for its use in local lavage of the epidural space. In 20 rabbits a lumbar laminectomy was performed followed either by local lavage with P.J.K. or with NaCl. After one month the meningeal covering of the operated spinal cords revealed no signs of fibrosis or arachnoid adhesions when studied macroscopically or by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Animals↗
The vascular pattern of basal cell tumors: light microscopy and scanning electron microscopic study on vascular corrosion casts.
Light microscopy of hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue sections and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts were used to study the blood vascular system of human basal cell tumors. Concerning the gross angioarchitecture there is a very close correlation between the histological appearance and the findings obtained from vascular corrosion casts, when evaluated in a SEM. The tumor cell beds are enveloped by basket-like capillary plexus. The tumors are traversed over long distances by superficially running, teleangiectatic, but flattened capillaries. These compressed vessels are squeezed between tumor cell cords and epidermis. In vascular corrosion casts of human basal cell tumors the vascular system exhibits three different features. Blind-ending vascular casts; Four different causes for blind-ending cast structures are pointed out and discussed. Incomplete filling of the vascular system; compression of tumor vessels; new proliferating capillary sprouts; broken cast endings. Variations in vessel caliber and extravasation of the injection resin. Most of the variation in vessel calibers are thought to be caused by dilation of the weakened endothelial walls, but some of them presumably represent new projecting vascular swellings. Circumscribed leakage of the injected resin could be attributed to regions of advanced connective tissue degeneration and endothelial lysis. Flattened cast structures; The addition of tissues during tumor growth results in an increase of tissue pressure. Thus many tumor vessels get displaced, compressed, and flattened and vascular occlusions will occur. However, it must be stressed that much caution is needed in assessing the nature of the vascular cast structures of basal cell tumors.
Basal Cell Carcinoma↗
The intra-operative application of povidone-iodine in neurosurgery.
Over a period of 6 months 250 patients were operated on for lumbar disc prolapse, 125 patients each receiving prophylactic antibiotic therapy or only local, intra-operative administration of povidone-iodine. The analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the patient group treated with the antiseptic and the prophylactic antibiotic group. More abscesses and signs of infection occurred in the antibiotic treated group. Animal studies are also described.
Adult↗
Fine structure and vascular supply of the median eminence (ME) in Acipenser ruthenus (Chondrostei).
The fine structure and vascular supply of the median eminence (ME) was studied in 57 specimens of Acipenser ruthenus (Chondrostei) by means of light microscopy (normal histology, horseradish-peroxidase (HRP), formaldehyde induced fluorescence (FIF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as by SEM of vascular corrosion casts. Light microscopy revealed that the ME increases in thickness from caudal to rostral with capillaries invading the subependymal layers only at the rostral median eminence (rME). At the middle (mME) and caudal median eminence (cME) capillaries are limited to the ME outer surface. Short term HRP-application (systemically as well as intraventricularly) resulted in reaction product in the intercellular space throughout the ME after a survival time of 2 hours. The ME tanycytes were distinctly marked after 7 days survival. FIF revealed aminergic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF-) contacting neurons; also the apical part of tanycytes showed specific fluorescence. SEM of vascular corrosion casts showed that the arterial supply of the whole ME results from branches of the hypothalamic artery and/or from those arteries supplying the saccus vasculosus. The whole 2-dimensional primary capillary plexus of the ME drains via portal vessels into the adenohypophysis. As demonstrated by SEM, the ME ependymal surface is made up by oligociliated tanycytes, abundant crown cells and intraventricular protrusions of CSF-contacting neurons. Supraependymal cells are lacking, supraependymal fibres are very sparse. TEM revealed the ME tanycytes with long ciliary rootlets. Their basal processes split into numerous delicate branches forming many end-feet, which end at the basal lamina opposite the fenestrated capillaries of the primary plexus. Like tanycytes, also the crown cells possess branching processes which may contribute to the outer glial membrane. CSF-contacting neurons of the type I (with dense core vesicles ranging in diameter from 100-120 nm and of presumed aminergic nature) and type II (with dense core vesicles ranging in diameter from 160-180 nm and of presumed peptidergic nature) were found. Both types are most abundant in the cME. Small astrocytes reveal delicate processes which cover parts of the CSF-contacting neurons and of tanycytes. Another glial cell type is situated near the basal lamina and forms processes parallel the latter. There are few axo-somal and axo-axonal synapses pointing rather to a humoral regulation of the ME with signals from the ME blood vascular bed or from the CSF acting on CSF-contacting neurons.
Animals↗
Scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts--technique and applications.
The present paper states very briefly the main steps leading to the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts. From the terms presently used (injection method, microcorrosion cast, injection replica, vascular corrosion cast, vascular cast) the use of "vascular corrosion cast" for lymphatic and blood vessels is recommended. Specification and pretreatment (kind, volume, dosage of anticoagulants, vasoactive substances and spasmolytica used) of the animals examined are referenced as they are available from the literature. The recommendation is given to pay more attention to these parameters than done so far. The steps necessary for producing reasonable and suitable vascular corrosion casts are critically described. Special attention is paid to the physical and chemical properties of the casting media and their significance for polymerizations, shrinkage, casting quality, corrosion resistance, and thermal and spatial stability. Emphasis is also focused on the advantages of cutting the vascular corrosion casts embedded in an ice block by a band saw and a self constructed multi-blade cutting device offer. From the drying methods presently used freeze-drying is stressed because of minimal specimen damage. To render casts conductive in most cases sputtercoating is sufficient. It is recommended to run the SEM with 5-10 kV since the resolution received still reveals all details the casting media presently can replicate. Lastly the application of scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts in fully differentiated normal tissue, in pathologic tissue as well as in developing tissues and organs is stated.
Animals↗
[Vascularization of the cervical trachea and its clinical relevance. A scanning electron microscopy study on corrosion casts].
The angioarchitecture of the cervical trachea of the rat as a model was studied using scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. Four different types of vascular pattern are described. 1. Supplying and draining vessels of the first order (Superior and inferior thyroid arteries, and inferior thyroid veins) situated within the peritracheal tissue at the lateral sides of the trachea. 2. The vessels arising from them, which have a horizontal course and lie within the intercartilaginous membrane (vessels of the second order). 3. The vessels of the third order branching from those of the second order, perforating the intercartilaginous membrane and again running vertically within the tracheal mucosa. 4. Vessels of the fourth order forming the capillary plexus of the tracheal mucosa, consisting of irregular (pars fibrocartilaginea) or rectangular (pars membranacea) meshes. The clinical relevance of the vascular patterns of the trachea is discussed in respect to ischemic tracheal lesions.
Animals↗
Development and differentiation of the brain ventricular system in tadpoles of Xenopus laeris (Daudin) (Amphibia, Anura).
The development and the differentiation of the ventricular system of the brain of tadpoles of the South African Clawed Toad, Xenopus laevis (Daudin), is studied by light microscopy (stages 45 to 66) and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (stages 50 to 66). Special interest is paid to the ependymal structures of the foramen of Monroe, the ventricles of the diencephalon, the mesencephalon, and the rhombencephalon, and to the ependymal of the central canal and the choroid plexus of the third and fourth ventricle. At early developmental stages the lower two thirds of the ventricles are dominated by blebs, cytoplasmatic protrusions of the ependymal cells. During the development they become reduced and replaced by cilia. The number of cilia and microvilli increases strongly towards the end of the metamorphosis. The surface structures demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy are discussed in respect to morphology and physiology.
Animals↗
Scanning electron microscopical investigation of the larval development and the morphological differentiation of the paraventricular organ (PVO) of the South African clawed toad Xenopus laevis Daudin.
The development and the differentiation of the surface of the paraventricular organ (PVO) in tadpoles of the South African Clawed Toad Xenopus laevis Daudin from stages 46 to 66 and one adult animal was studied by means of light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. At the light microscopical level, the PVO is visible from stage 46 on. From stage 48 on the organ is divided into two parts, a narrow rostral one and a more flattened and broad caudal one. From stage 58 on the rostral part of the PVO lies in the sulcus organi paraventricularis similar to the caudal part which lies in the sulcus lateralis infundibuli. The position of the PVO on both sides of the third ventricle is unchanged over all stages studied. The growth of the organ is finished at stage 65. The structure of the surface of the rostral and the caudal part of the organ differs up to the stage of 57. From stage 58 on the surfaces of the two parts of the PVO assimilate by developing a network of fibers which is orientated transversally. The different cell types of the PVO which can be seen at the level of transmission electron microscopy are fully developed at stage 57 but their position does not correspond to that of the adult animal. There is no difference between the right and left half of the organ in all groups studied.
Animals↗
[Methylmethacrylate and Mercox CL in the scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts].
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