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Biomedical subjects

A Kratochwil

Publications and source records attributed to A Kratochwil.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

[Diagnostic sonography of the female breast].

The female breast can be easily examined by sonography due to its anatomical site. Today water-coupling methods or real-time scanners with high transducer frequency are the procedures of choice. The sonographic picture of the normal breast is described and a discussion presented of the criteria on which the differential diagnosis between cystic and solid lesions is based. The domain of sonography is the demonstration of cystic lesions as from a diameter of 3 mm. Solid lesions must be bigger to become demonstrable by sonography. Sonography is at present incapable of replacing mammography as a screening method for the early detection of breast cancer for several reasons. Primarily one has to spend at least half an hour for an exact examination of both breasts. A more serious disadvantage, however, is the fact that the majority of breast cancers demonstrated by sonography is far beyond the early stages. It was, moreover, observed that the sonographic appearance of the tumour was dependent on the cellular content of the tumour as well as the connective tissue density. Tumours with a high cellular content are more easily penetrable by ultrasonic waves and might, therefore, be misinterpreted as being a benign lesion. On comparing mammography and sonography it is interesting to note that tumours in a dense breast are more easily detectable by sonography, whilst tumours in a breast rich in fatty tissue are more easily demonstrated by mammography.

Abscess↗
PubMed1982

[Indications of ultrasonography in perinatal medicine (author's transl)].

The indications of ultrasonography in obstetrics are shortly discussed. The advantage of the method is primarily the exact dating of the pregnancy either by measuring the crown-rump-length during the 8th and 12th week of pregnancy, or the measurement of the biparietal diameter between the 15th and 21st week. These data form the basis fo the interpretation of different hormonal findings during pregnancy such as HPL or estriol. In combination head and abdominal fetal measurements inform about the fetal intrauterine development and the fetal body weight. From both parameters and the head to abdominal ratio fetuses at risk to either small-for-date-babies or large-for-data-babies can be diagnosed with high accuracy. The demonstration of anatomical fetal details makes it possible to diagnose malformations in early stages of pregnancy. This enables us to choose in cooperation with the perinatologist and pediatric surgeon the optimal time for selective cesarean for further treatment of the intrauterine patient.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1981

[The place of sonography in the diagnosis of recurrence of malignant gynaecological tumours (author's transl)].

The scope of sonography in the diagnosis of tumour recurrence is discussed on the basis of 134 patients with suspected recurrence of malignancy. In 67 cases recurrence was verified by means of ultrasonic diagnosis. In 63 cases the tentative diagnosis proved to be negative. In the remaining 4 cases the examination result was equivocal. The ultrasonic results were compared with physical examination, I.V.P., scintigraphy, histological examination of specimens of second-look operations and curettages, and autopsy material. It is pointed out that small tumours posterior to the urinary bladder can be overlooked because of the enhancement caused by the impedance mismatch between the fluid-filled bladder and the solid structures posterior to it. In cases of local and lymphonodal recurrent tumour the examination is extended to the upper abdomen to detect possible hydronephrotic changes. Two different echographic patterns can be observed after primary irradiation of cervical and endometrial cancer. The enlarged uterus with inhomogeneous structures is more likely to be a recurrent tumour. A more "cystic" appearance of the enlarged organ would suggest a mucometra caused by cervical occlusion. In recurrent ovarian tumours ascites is detectable which sometimes even disturbs the examination owing to the extreme curvature of the abdominal wall hindering a sufficient coupling of the probe. Ultrasound is applied with good results in irradiation planning and for the monitoring of therapeutic results.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1981

[Comparative determination of the vesico-urethral angle in incontinence via ultrasound and lateral urethro-cystogram (author's transl)].

Pre-operative diagnostic procedures in evaluating stress urinary incontinence in women became increasingly important within the last years. In many clinics the measurement of the posterior vesico-urethral angle using lateral urethro-cystograms has become an eminent criterion for the selection of the operative method applied. Until now, this angle could be measured by employing X-ray examination techniques. In this paper, an ultrasonic examination with the same accuracy as in X-ray. The technique of both methods and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1981

[Comparison of different methods for estimating fetal weight by cephalo- and abdominometry (author's transl)].

To check the accuracy of different published methods of fetal weight estimation based on head and abdominal parameters, all methods were used in every individual case in 123 pregnancies. It became apparent that the single methods gave the best results in different indications. As far as normal fetal development at term is concerned the best results were achieved by estimating the weight from the biparietal and the abdominal diameters whereas in macrosomy the prediction of fetal weight became much more precise in using head and abdominal circumferences. In premature and small-for-date infants, however, the best results were recorded if only the abdominal circumference was used for this reason reflecting the importance of the severe reduction in volume of the big parenchymateous organs of the abdomen.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1981

[Ultrasonic diagnosis in cervical pregnancy (author's transl)].

The cervical pregnancies are most times complicated by severe uterine haemorrhages which can be stopped generally only by hysterectomy. Ultrasonic diagnosis provides new possibilities in diagnosing this dangerous localization of pregnancy prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. The characteristic sonographic findings of two cases are discussed: one early and one advanced case, both were symptomless. Although in rare cases a delivery at term could be observed, the termination of pregnancy seems to be indicated in cases of a doubtless ultrasonic diagnosis.

Abortion, Therapeutic↗
PubMed1981

[Pregnancy-conditioned dilatation of the calyceal system-sonographic diagnosis and urologic control (author's transl)].

Ultrasonic diagnosis provides the possibility without any irradiation hazards to follow-up the urinary excreting system in pregnancies as often as necessary. Thus it becomes possible to detect the true percentages of pregnant women with dilatation of the calyceal system, and to evaluate the course of dilatation in those women examined at different intervals. There exists as well the possibility to avoid urinary tract infections by an intensive urologic surveillance in such cases.

Female↗
PubMed1980

[Ultrasonics in the modern diagnosis of biliary tract diseases].

The ultrasound diagnostics is of high value in revealing the diseases of the biliary ducts. Prerequisite for an exact diagnosis is an exact knowledge of the arterial, venous and biliary vascular systems of the porta hepatis. Using real-time-devices a differential diagnosis of these several systems can quickly be made in systematic examination. The examination is indicated at suspicion for cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis and obstructive jaundice. The differential diagnostic criteria are demonstrated. The number of success in cholecystolithiais for the ultrasound diagnostics is at present 93%. In differentiation of the obstructive jaundice it is about 85%.

Bile Duct Neoplasms↗
PubMed1980

[Early diagnosis of fetal malformation by ultrasonography (author's transl)].

Today, echography can be considered as routine diagnosis in every pregnancy. Besides the detection of growth retardation very often in early stages of the fetal life malformations can be diagnosed incompatible with postnatal life. Reviewing the cases of the II. Women's Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Vienna within the last 2 years, 13 cases of serious malformations could be detected by regular routine ultrasonic examinations. The echographic appearance of these partially very rare cases is discussed and documented by pictures. The advantage of ultrasonic diagnosis in comparison with other diagnostic procedures in the detection of malformation is discussed. The necessity and importance of regular ultrasonic examinations of all pregnancies as well in respect in the detection of malformations are stressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Ultrasonic diagnosis of fetal ascites (author's transl)].

Fetal ascites is relatively rare, but confronts the obstetrician with difficult decisions. By X-ray methods such as plain X-ray or fetography fetal ascites may only be suspected. Performing ultrasonic examinations however it is not only possible to detect the fluid collection in the peritoneal cavity but as well to recognize the inducing causes. This is documented by sonograms of three cases observed within the last year. The different decisions for the obstetrician in respect to fetal ascites with or without malformations are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Ultra-sound study on the growth of the fetal kidney in the second half of pregnancy (author's transl)].

Sonography was used to detect and measure the fetal kidneys. In 250 cases of pregnancies ranging from the 20th week to term growth charts for the normal growth of the fetal kidney were constructed. Considering the normal anatomical variations it is possible using these curves to detect growth retardations of the fetal kidneys. The importance of these measurements for fetal anomalies and cases of placental insufficiency with growth retardation of these organs is discussed.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1980

Ultrasonic diagnosis in obstetrics and gynecology.

Ultrasonic diagnosis is widely used today in obstetrics and gynecology. As no harmful side-effects, neither to the mother nor to the fetus can be detected, the method can be used to study the fetal development in its natural environment. The technics used for this study are either compound-scan or real-time scan. Progressing from the early to the late pregnancy the clinical problems, in which ultrasonic diagnosis is of importance are discussed. In early pregnancies these problems are related with the symptoms of abortion, whereby intact pregnancy, blighted ovum, missed abortion, ectopic pregnancy and hydatidiform mole, can be differentiated by ultrasonic examination. In advanced pregnancies ultrasonic examinations are used to achieve biometric data reflecting normal and abnormal progress in the uterine fetal development. Such data are the biparietal diameter and abdominal measurements such as diameter and circumferences which may be influenced by placental insufficiency resulting in growth retardation. The importance of the exact location of the placenta using echography as well as the possibility of the exact diagnosis of the fetal position are stressed. In gynecology echography can be used for monitoring the ovarian cycle in demonstrating the maturing follicle and the corpus luteum. Tumors of the genital organ can be differentiated to a certain extent. In the management of patients suffering from cancer, ultrasonography can be used for treatment-planning and in the follow-up study to detect local or lymphonodal recurrences as early as possible and to plan second-look operations.

Diagnosis, Differential↗