Biomedical subjects

A Klip

Publications and source records attributed to A Klip.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed1995

The insulin-dependent biosynthesis of GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporters in L6 muscle cells is mediated by distinct pathways. Roles of p21ras and pp70 S6 kinase.

Insulin binding results in rapid phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 to activate p21ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Insulin also activates the ribosomal protein S6 kinase (pp70 S6 kinase) independently of the Ras pathway. Chronic (18 h) treatment of L6 muscle cells with insulin increases glucose transport activity severalfold due to biosynthetic elevation of the GLUT1 and GLUT3 but not the GLUT4 glucose transporters. Here we investigate the roles of p21ras and pp70 S6 kinase in the insulin-mediated increases in GLUT1 and GLUT3 expression. L6 cells were transfected with the dominant negative Ras(S17N) under the control of a dexamethasone-inducible promoter. Induction of Ras(S17N) failed to block the insulin-mediated increase in GLUT1 glucose transporter protein and mRNA; however, it abrogated the insulin-mediated increase in GLUT3 glucose transporter protein and mRNA. Inhibition of pp70 S6 kinase by rapamycin, on the other hand, eliminated the insulin-mediated increase in GLUT1 but had no effect on that of GLUT3 in both parental and Ras(S17N) transfected L6 cells. These results suggest that the biosynthetic regulation of glucose transporters is differentially determined, with pp70 S6 kinase and p21ras playing active roles in the insulin-stimulated increases in GLUT1 and GLUT3, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Expression of syntaxin 4 in rat skeletal muscle and rat skeletal muscle cells in culture.

Syntaxins are a family of membrane proteins believed to participate in docking/fusing of arriving vesicles during membrane sorting and secretion. Of the six mammalian syntaxins known, only brain syntaxin 1A/1B has been biochemically characterized in its endogenous form. Syntaxin 4 mRNA is expressed in selective tissues including rat skeletal muscle, although it has not been studied at the protein level in any cell type. Therefore, we generated an affinity-purified antibody against syntaxin 4 to demonstrate that this 36 kDa protein is expressed in rat skeletal muscle and L6 muscle cells in culture. The content of the syntaxin 4 protein increased by 1.9-fold during differentiation of L6 myoblasts into myotubes. By subcellular fractionation the protein was mainly recovered in plasma membrane-enriched fractions of both red and white skeletal muscles and L6 myotubes. Coupled to the recent detection of vesicle associated membrane protein-2 and cellubrevin in skeletal muscle, syntaxin 4 may play a role in membrane traffic in this tissue.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Regulation of cell surface GLUT1, GLUT3, and GLUT4 by insulin and IGF-I in L6 myotubes.

The effects of insulin and IGF-I on the cell surface quantities of GLUT1, GLUT3 and GLUT4 glucose transporters in L6 myotubes were determined with the exofacial bis-mannose phololabel (ATB-BMPA). In basal cells, an equal molar quantity of each transporter isoform was found at the cell surface. Insulin stimulated the translocation of all three glucose transporter isoforms to the plasma membrane fraction from the light microsome fraction, resulting in equal molar quantities on the cell surface. IGF-I stimulated a similar translocation of all isoforms, augmented by an increase in surface GLUT3 as assessed by ATB-BMPA.

Affinity Labels↗

PubMed1995

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the actin network are not required for the stimulation of glucose transport caused by mitochondrial uncoupling: comparison with insulin action.

In L6 myotubes insulin stimulates glucose transport through the translocation of glucose transporters GLUT1, GLUT3 and GLUT4 from intracellular stores to the plasma membrane. An intact actin network and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity are required for this process. Glucose transport is also stimulated by the mitochondrial ATP-production uncoupler dinitrophenol. We show here that, in serum-depleted myotubes, dinitrophenol induced translocation of GLUT1 and GLUT4, but not GLUT3. This response was not affected by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or disassembling the actin network. Insulin, but not dinitrophenol, caused tyrosine phosphorylation of several polypeptides, including the insulin-receptor substrate-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Similarly, insulin, but not dinitrophenol, caused actin reorganization, which was inhibited by wortmannin. We conclude that insulin and dinitrophenol stimulate glucose transport by different mechanisms.

Actins↗

PubMed1995

The GLUT4 glucose transporter and the alpha 2 subunit of the Na+,K(+)-ATPase do not localize to the same intracellular vesicles in rat skeletal muscle.

The GLUT4 glucose transporter and the alpha 2 subunit of the Na+,K(+)-ATPase of rat skeletal muscle are two proteins which redistribute from intracellular membranes to plasma membranes following in vivo insulin stimulation. Here we show that although both proteins co-segregate after subcellular fractionation of unstimulated rat hindlimb muscles, they do not share the same intracellular residence inside the muscle fibre. By immunogold single- and double-labeling on ultrathin muscle cryosections with specific antibodies, the GLUT4 glucose transporter and the Na+,K(+)-ATPase alpha 2 subunit were observed on different vesicular structures within the cell. GLUT4 was detected on subsarcolemmal and perinuclear membranes, and at the junction between myofibrillar A and I bands where triads are localized. The alpha 2 subunit of the Na+,K(+)-ATPase was observed at the plasma membrane and in distinct subsarcolemmal vesicles and intermyofibrillar membranes. Quantitative analysis of double-labeling of GLUT4 and Na+,K(+)-ATPase alpha 2 subunit revealed that less than 6% of the two proteins co-localize in the same continuous vesicular structures. The differential intracellular localization of the two proteins was further confirmed by immunopurification of GLUT4-containing membranes from muscle homogenates, in which the alpha 2 subunit of the Na+,K(+)-ATPase was found only at the same extent as the alpha 1 subunit of the enzyme, a protein exclusively present at the plasma membrane.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Cellubrevin is a resident protein of insulin-sensitive GLUT4 glucose transporter vesicles in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Insulin stimulates glucose transport in muscle and fat cells by inducing translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters from a storage site to the cell surface. The mechanism of this translocation and the identity of the storage site are unknown, but it has been hypothesized that transporters recycle between an insulin-sensitive pool, endosomes, and the cell surface. Upon cell homogenization and fractionation, the storage site migrates with light microsomes (LDM) separate from the plasma membrane fraction (PM). Cellubrevin is a recently identified endosomal protein that may be involved in the reexocytosis of recycling endosomes. Here we describe that cellubrevin is expressed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and is more abundant in the LDM than in the PM. Cellubrevin was markedly induced during differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts into adipocytes, in parallel with GLUT4, and the development of insulin regulated traffic. In response to insulin, the cellubrevin content decreased in the LDM and increased in the PM, suggesting translocation akin to that of the GLUT4 glucose transporter. Vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP-2)/synaptobrevin-II, a protein associated with regulated exocytosis in secretory cells, also redistributed in response to insulin. Both cellubrevin and VAMP-2 were susceptible to cleavage by tetanus toxin. Immunopurified GLUT4-containing vesicles contained cellubrevin and VAMP-2, and immunopurified cellubrevin-containing vesicles contained GLUT4 protein, but undiscernible amounts of VAMP-2. These observations suggest that cellubrevin and VAMP-2 are constituents of the insulin-regulated pathway of membrane traffic. These results are the first demonstration that cellubrevin is present in a regulated intracellular compartment. We hypothesize that cellubrevin and VAMP-2 may be present in different subsets of GLUT4-containing vesicles.

3T3 Cells↗

PubMed1995

Action of insulin on Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl- cotransporter in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

The Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase presents several different isoforms of its alpha- and beta-subunits. We detected alpha 1- and beta 1-mRNA transcripts and polypeptides in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts; during differentiation into adipocytes, alpha 1-mRNA decreased, alpha 2-mRNA was induced, beta 1-mRNA dropped to undetectable levels, and beta 2-mRNA was never expressed, suggesting that 3T3-L1 adipocytes may express an unidentified Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase beta-subunit isoform. Insulin rapidly increased ion pump activity [ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+(K+) uptake] in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and adipocytes without changing the plasma membrane concentration of alpha 1- or alpha 2-subunits as determined by subcellular membrane fractionation and immunoblotting or by [3H]ouabain binding to intact cells. Monensin, which raises the concentration of intracellular Na+, increased Na(+)-K+ pump activity, and no further stimulation was achieved with insulin. The stimulation of the pump by insulin was reduced by bumetanide, an inhibitor of the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl- cotransporter, and was prevented by omission of extracellular Cl-. Insulin increased both ouabain-sensitive and bumetanide-sensitive 86Rb+(K+) uptake. These results suggest that insulin activation of the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes is mediated by an elevation in intracellular Na+ that is likely the consequence of Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl- cotransporter activation.

Adipocytes↗

PubMed1995

Hormonal regulation of the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase: mechanisms underlying rapid and sustained changes in pump activity.

The sodium-potassium-activated adenosinetriphosphatase (Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase; Na(+)-K+ pump) is a ubiquitous plasma membrane enzyme that catalyzes the movement of K+ into cells in exchange for Na+. In addition, it provides the driving force for the transport of other solutes, notably amino acids, sugar, and phosphate. The regulation of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in various tissues is under the control of a number of circulating hormones that impart both short- and long-term control over its activity. The molecular mechanisms by which hormones alter Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity have only begun to be studied. In this review, we assess the acute and long-term actions of a number of hormones (aldosterone, thyroid hormone, catecholamines, insulin, carbachol) on the Na(+)-K+ pump. The long-term regulation exerted by thyroid hormone and aldosterone is mediated by changes in gene expression. The short-term regulation exerted by catecholamines is mediated by reversible phosphorylation of the pump catalytic subunit. Recent evidence supports regulation of the pump by phosphorylation in vitro and in intact cells. Finally, in some tissues the rapid action of insulin, aldosterone, and carbachol involves changes in the subcellular distribution of pump units.

Aldosterone↗

PubMed1995

Insulin induces translocation of GLUT-4 glucose transporters in human skeletal muscle.

Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of glucose transport into human muscle is necessary to unravel possible defects in glucose uptake associated with insulin resistance in humans. Here we report a strategy to subfractionate human skeletal muscle biopsies (0.5 g) removed from vastus lateralis during a euglycemic insulinemic clamp procedure. A sucrose gradient separated total membranes into five fractions. Fraction 25 (25% sucrose) contained the plasma membrane markers alpha 1- and alpha 2-subunits of the Na(+)-K(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase and the GLUT-5 hexose transporter, recently immunolocalized to the cell surface of human skeletal muscle. The dihydropyridine receptor, a transverse tubule marker, was present exclusively in this fraction. The GLUT-4 glucose transporter was more concentrated in fraction 27.5 (27.5% sucrose) and largely diminished in plasma membrane markers. Open skeletal muscle biopsies were removed before and 30 min after clamping insulin to 550 pM. This increased GLUT-4 protein by 1.61-fold in fraction 25 and lowered it by 50% in fraction 27.5. Thus physiological concentrations of insulin induce translocation of glucose transporters from an internal membrane pool to surface membranes in human skeletal muscle.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Multiple roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in regulation of glucose transport, amino acid transport, and glucose transporters in L6 skeletal muscle cells.

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3k) activity is required for the insulin stimulation of glucose transport in adipocytes and Chinese hamster ovary cells. Wortmannin (WM), an inhibitor of PI3k, inhibits the stimulation of glucose transport by insulin and the gain of glucose transporters at the cell surface. However, the effect of inhibition of PI3k on the maintenance of the basal and the insulin-stimulated glucose transport and on the intracellular donor pool of glucose transporters has not been clarified. Here we show that in L6 skeletal muscle cells in culture WM significantly inhibits the basal PI3k activity (by 40%), decreases the levels of phosphatidylinositol 3,4-phosphate and 3,4,5-phosphate (by about 50%) and abolishes the activation of the enzyme by insulin. WM inhibited the basal rate of transport of glucose (by 45%) and of amino acids through system A (by 25%) and abolished their stimulation by insulin. Insulin caused a transient increase in PI3k activity and PI3k products that returned to basal levels within 40 min, whereas glucose and amino acid transport remained elevated. Under these conditions, WM reduced the rate of glucose and amino acid transport back to basal levels. In unstimulated cells, WM decreased significantly the GLUT4 glucose transporter content at the plasma membrane and prevented the ability of insulin to recruit transporters to this membrane. Interestingly, the intracellular pools of the GLUT3 and GLUT4 glucose transporters were significantly reduced in response to WM treatment alone. We conclude that in muscle cells PI3k activity is required to maintain basal and insulin-stimulated glucose and amino acid transport, as well as to develop the stimulation of the two transport processes in response to the hormone. We hypothesize that PI3k, likely through production of phosphatidylinositol 3,4-phosphate and 3,4,5-phosphate, regulates the basal plasma membrane glucose transporter recycling and the organization of the transporter intracellular pool, in addition to being an insulin signal.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1995

Stimulation of glucose uptake and increased plasma membrane content of glucose transporters in L6 skeletal muscle cells by the sulfonylureas gliclazide and glyburide.

Many studies suggest that sulfonylureas (SUs) have direct extrapancreatic actions. The action of gliclazide, a new SU, was examined and compared to that of glyburide in L6 myotubes, a model of skeletal muscle. Gliclazide and glyburide increased 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) uptake in a time- and dose-dependent fashion after 24 h to a maximum of 179% and 202% of the basal value, respectively (P < 0.001). Acute (30-min) insulin (10(-7) M) stimulated 2DG uptake to similar levels (203% of basal), but this effect was absent after maximum stimulation by SU. SU action did not require insulin and was not blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. To investigate the mechanism of stimulation of 2DG uptake, cells were fractionated, and total plasma membrane and internal membrane levels of glucose transporter (GLUT) isoforms were determined by immunoblotting. Both drugs significantly increased the total content (1.7-fold) and plasma membrane level (1.8-fold) of GLUT1, with no change in internal membrane. Total content and plasma membrane levels of GLUT4 and GLUT3 did not change or showed a small decrease. We conclude that the stimulation of glucose uptake in L6 cells by gliclazide and glyburide is associated not with a redistribution but, rather, with an increase in the total membrane content and plasma membrane level of GLUT1, which is independent of protein synthesis. These data suggest a novel action of SU to stabilize GLUT1 protein at the plasma membrane.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Disassembly of the actin network inhibits insulin-dependent stimulation of glucose transport and prevents recruitment of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane.

In muscle and fat tissues, insulin stimulates glucose transport through the translocation of glucose transporter proteins from an intracellular storage pool to the plasma membrane. The mechanism of this translocation is unknown. We have examined the possible role of the actin microfilament network in the stimulation of glucose transport by insulin and on the distribution of glucose transporters, in differentiated L6 rat skeletal muscle cells. Insulin (10(-7) M for 30 min) caused a major reorganization of the actin network of differentiated L6 myotubes. Cytochalasin D, a widely used inhibitor of actin filament formation, caused a dose- and time-dependent disassembly of the actin network, which was associated with an 80% inhibition of the insulin stimulation of glucose transport, without affecting the basal rate of glucose uptake. L6 myotubes express three glucose transporter isoforms, named GLUT1, GLUT3, and GLUT4. Disassembly of the actin network by cytochalasin D did not affect the number of basal glucose transporters in the plasma membrane but reduced the content of all three glucose transporters in intracellular membranes and prevented their appearance at the plasma membrane response to insulin. The inhibitory effect of cytochalasin D treatment on the insulin stimulation of glucose transport occurred downstream of tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate-1 and of binding of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to the insulin receptor substrate-1. Using immunoprecipitation of intact membranes, we detected specific association of the actin-binding protein spectrin with GLUT4 glucose transporter-containing vesicles. We conclude that an intact actin network is required for the correct intracellular localization of glucose transporters, as well as for their incorporation into the plasma membrane in response to insulin. A direct interaction may exist between the actin network and the glucose transporter vesicles which may be mediated through a spectrin-containing skeleton attached to glucose transporter-containing vesicles.

Actins↗

PubMed1994

Expression of vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP-2)/synaptobrevin II and cellubrevin in rat skeletal muscle and in a muscle cell line.

Molecular studies have identified a family of synaptic vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMPs, also known as synaptobrevins) which have been implicated in synaptic vesicle docking and/or fusion with plasma membrane proteins. Here we demonstrate the expression of two members of this family, VAMP-2/synaptobrevin II and cellubrevin, in skeletal muscle, a tissue with both constitutive and regulated membrane traffic. The 18 kDa VAMP-2 polypeptide was detected in purified membrane fractions from adult skeletal muscle and from L6 myotubes in culture, demonstrating that the presence of this protein in the isolated muscle membrane fractions is not the result of contamination by ancillary tissues such as peripheral nerve. Furthermore, skeletal muscle and the muscle cell line also expressed cellubrevin, a VAMP-2 homologue of 17 kDa; which is much less abundant in brain cells. Both VAMP-2 and cellubrevin were preferentially isolated in membrane fractions rich in plasma membranes, and were less concentrated in light microsomes and other internal membrane fractions of mature muscle or muscle cells in culture. Interestingly, both VAMP-2 and cellubrevin were much more abundant in the differentiated L6 myotubes than in their precursor myoblasts, suggesting that they are required for functions of differentiated muscle cells. The identity of both polypeptides was further confirmed by their susceptibility to proteolysis by Clostridium tetanus toxin. Expression of these products was further established by the presence of mRNA transcripts of VAMP-2 and cellubrevin, but not of VAMP-1, in both skeletal muscle and L6 myotubes. In contrast, other synaptic vesicle and docking/fusion components were undetectable, such as VAMP-1, SNAP25 and syntaxin 1A/1B, as were synaptophysin and synapsin Ia/Ib, proteins which are believed to be involved in sensing the signal for neuronal exocytosis. It is concluded that VAMP-2 and cellubrevin are expressed in skeletal muscle cells and may each participate in specific processes of intracellular membrane traffic.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1994

Insulin action on whole body glucose utilization and on muscle glucose transporter translocation in mice.

Murine models of insulin resistance and diabetes are versatile and have been used to investigate genetic and metabolic disorders. However, the principal assays to assess insulin action, i.e., the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and subcellular distribution of glucose transporters, have not been implemented in this species. Here we describe procedures which allow these methods to be adapted to mice. When normal C57bl/6j mice were infused with graded doses of insulin (1, 3, 10 or 30 mU/kg/min) during a euglycemic-hyerinsulinemic clamp, the glucose infusion rate necessary to maintain euglycemia increased in a dose-dependent manner (7.4 +/- 1.7, 13.1 +/- 3.6, 24.1 +/- 2.3 or 34.8 +/- 7.5 mg/kg/min), respectively. Hindlimb muscles were isolated and samples of 2-3 g were subjected to subcellular fractionation finalizing on 25%, 30% and 35% sucrose gradients. Fraction F25 (plasma membranes) was enriched in alpha 2 Na+/K(+)-ATPase and GLUT1 glucose transporters, whereas fraction F35 (intracellular membranes) was enriched in Ca(2+)-ATPase and GLUT4 glucose transporters. Following insulin treatment, GLUT4 increased in F25 and decreased in F35. Insulin treatment had no effect on GLUT1 in F25. However, unlike in rat skeletal muscle, GLUT1 was detectable in F35 and its content decreased in this fraction following insulin treatment. The results demonstrate that whole-body glucose utilization can be assessed in mice using euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps and demonstrate how subcellular fractionation procedures can be applied to murine muscle. Murine muscle GLUT4 translocates from an intracellular storage site to the plasma membrane in response to insulin.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

A long-lasting vitamin C derivative, ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, increases myogenin gene expression and promotes differentiation in L6 muscle cells.

Hormones and growth factors are important regulators of myogenic cell differentiation, but little is known about the effect of vitamins on muscle differentiation and development. We recently showed that L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, a stable form of vitamin C, increased the expression of muscle-specific glucose and ion transporters. We now show the effect of L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate on the kinetics of myogenin expression at both the mRNA and protein levels during differentiation of L6 muscle cells. At the fully differentiated stage, control and L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate treated cultures showed the same degree of cell fusion, but L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate treated myotubes had a larger diameter than control myotubes. During L6 cell differentiation, the amount of both myogenin mRNA and protein reached a maximal level on day 4 before full myotube formation and then declined. L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate treated cells expressed a higher amount of myogenin at both the mRNA and protein levels on day 4 compared to untreated cultures. Ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, an inhibitor of collagen synthesis, prevented expression of myogenin mRNA and protein in both the control and L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate treated cells. These results demonstrate that vitamin C can promote muscle differentiation likely through the increase of myogenin expression in myogenic cells, which may in turn regulate muscle differentiation in vivo.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Structural disruption of the trans-Golgi network does not interfere with the acute stimulation of glucose and amino acid uptake by insulin-like growth factor I in muscle cells.

The effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on glucose and amino acid uptake were investigated in fully differentiated L6 muscle cells, in order to determine whether the two processes are functionally related. Transport of both glucose and amino acid (methylaminoisobutyric acid, MeAIB) was activated rapidly in response to IGF-I. Stimulation reached a peak within 30 min and was sustained for up to 90 min. Maximal activation of either glucose or MeAIB transport was achieved at 3 nM IGF-I; the half-maximal activation (ED50) of glucose transport was at 107 pM and that of MeAIB transport was at 36 pM. Stimulation of amino acid uptake occurred in the absence or presence of glucose, suggesting that this response is not secondary to increased glucose intake. Incubation of cells for 1 h with Brefeldin A (5 micrograms/ml), which disassembles the Golgi apparatus and inhibits the secretory pathway in eukaryotic cells, had no effect on the acute IGF-I activation of glucose and MeAIB transport. Moreover, Brefeldin A caused wide redistribution of the trans-Golgi antigen TGN38, as assessed by subcellular fractionation, without affecting the distribution of glucose transporters. The finding that the degree of activation, time response and sensitivity to IGF-I and Brefeldin A were similar for both glucose and MeAIB transport suggests commonalities in the IGF-I mechanism of recruitment of glucose transporters and stimulation of amino acid transport through System A. An integral trans-Golgi network does not appear to be required for the acute IGF-I stimulation of glucose or amino acid transport, even though stimulation of glucose transport occurs through recruitment of glucose transporters from intracellular stores in these cells. We propose that the donor site of glucose transporters (and perhaps of amino acid transporters) involved in the acute response to IGF-I lies beyond the trans-Golgi network, perhaps in an endosomal compartment in close proximity to the plasma membrane.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1994

Regulation of glucose transport and expression of GLUT3 transporters in human circulating mononuclear cells: studies in cells from insulin-dependent diabetic and nondiabetic individuals.

We have previously shown that human circulating mononuclear cells (CMCs) respond to physiological concentrations of insulin with a rapid increase in glucose transport rate. The responding cells were found to be the monocytes, and cells derived from individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) had lower basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport rates. Of interest, both cell types were found to express the GLUT1 but not the typical insulin-responsive GLUT4 transporter isoform. To further study the mechanisms responsible for stimulation of transport in these cells, we investigated (1) the response to insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin-mimetic agents, and (2) the expression of other glucose transporter isoforms in CMCs of nondiabetic and IDDM individuals. The time course of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in CMCs was rapid, reaching a plateau within 30 minutes. CMCs showed a dose-dependent and highly sensitive increase in glucose uptake to IGF-I (maximal response reached at 0.1 to 0.5 nmol/L IGF-I). The IGF-I dose-response curve was similar for CMCs of control and IDDM individuals, but both the basal and maximal response to IGF-I were lower in the diabetic group (P < .01). CMCs did not respond to vanadate, lithium, hydrogen peroxide, or short incubation (1 hour) with metformin, but glucose uptake increased in response to peroxides of vanadate and longer-duration (14 hours) metformin incubations. The glucose transporter isoforms of separated monocytes and lymphocytes were further investigated by Northern blotting of total RNA with a GLUT3-specific cDNA probe and by Western blotting of total membranes using GLUT3-specific antiserum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Regulation of expression of glucose transporters by glucose: a review of studies in vivo and in cell cultures.

Glucose transporters are membrane-embedded proteins that mediate the uptake of glucose from the surrounding medium into the cell. Glucose is the main fuel for most cells, and its uptake is rate-limiting for glucose utilization. For this reason, it is expected that glucose transport is tightly regulated. Whereas rapid regulation of glucose transporters by hormones has been known for some time, the regulation of glucose transporters by substrate availability (i.e., by glucose itself) is less well understood. This question has been approached by scientists from two angles: one, by measuring the consequence of diabetic states (in which there is surplus of glucose availability) on the expression of glucose transporter genes, and another one, by measuring the effect of glucose availability and glucose deprivation in cell cultures on glucose transporter gene expression. The results from both camps are unfortunately not coincident, due in part to the coexistence of other variables in the diabetic animals, and to the lack of ideal cell cultures. In spite of these caveats, the profuse literature on both approaches propelled us to find commonalities within each approach. This review concludes that in animal studies, one isoform of glucose transporters, the GLUT4 type, is down-regulated by high levels of circulating glucose in muscle but not in fat cells. This down-regulation of the protein is independent of regulation of transcription. In contrast, in fat cells, high glucose levels depress GLUT4 mRNA levels. In cell culture studies, high glucose levels lead to lower expression of the GLUT1 transporter isoform relative to glucose-deprived cultures. Glucose levels do not affect the amount of GLUT4 transporter isoform. The down-regulation of the GLUT1 transporter protein is caused by pre- and post-transcriptional mechanisms, the prevalence of each being cell-type specific. No glucose-responsive elements have been identified on either the GLUT1 or GLUT4 genes, and no information is available on the glucose metabolites that mediate the response of glucose transporter gene expression to glucose availability.

Animals↗