Reverse passive haemagglutination test for identification and serotyping of polioviruses.
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Hemagglutination Tests↗
Biomedical subjects
A Kawamoto
Publications and source records attributed to A Kawamoto.
Incidental brain lesions on magnetic resonance imaging and neurobehavioral functions in the apparently healthy elderly.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Controversies exist whether incidental neuroradiological brain lesions in the elderly are associated with depressed neuropsychological function. To address this important issue in a cross-sectional study, we related brain lesions on magnetic resonance imaging to a variety of cognitive and neurobehavioral function tests in an independent, normal elderly population. METHODS: We studied 73 independent asymptomatic elderly individuals (mean +/- SD age 70 +/- 6 years) to determine the relations between degree of brain atrophy, location and number of "lacunes," and grade of periventricular hyperintense lesions with a variety of cognitive and neurobehavioral function scores. RESULTS: We found that severity of neuroradiological changes increased while neuropsychological function scores declined with age. After adjustment for the effect of age, advanced periventricular hyperintensities, but not brain atrophy or patchy "lacunar" lesions, were associated with declines in all neuropsychological functions tested. CONCLUSION: We conclude that incidental advanced periventricular diffuse or patchy white matter changes may play a role in the development of cognitive and neurobehavioral impairments in apparently normal elderly persons.
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Mechanism of antioxidant action of pueraria glycoside (PG)-1 (an isoflavonoid) and mangiferin (a xanthonoid).
The antioxidant activities of pueraria glycoside (PG)-1 (isoflavonoid) and mangiferin (xanthonoid) were studied and compared with PG-3 and daidzein (isoflavonoids) and with wogonin (flavonoid). PG-1 and mangiferin rapidly scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and inhibited lipid peroxidation which was initiated enzymatically by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) or non-enzymatically by ascorbic acid or Fenton's reagent (H2O2 + Fe2+) in rat liver microsomes. Wogonin inhibited the enzymatically induced lipid peroxidation but had no scavenging effect on DPPH radical or on the non-enzymatic peroxidation. PG-3 and daidzein did not show any of these effects. Formation of Fe2+ by NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 reductase was inhibited by wogonin, but not by PG-1 or mangiferin. PG-1 and mangiferin had no effect on terminating radical chain reaction during the lipid peroxidation in the enzymatic system of microsomes or in the linoleic acid hydroperoxide-induced peroxidation system. These results suggest that PG-1 and mangiferin have an antioxidant activity, probably due to their ability to scavenge free radicals involved in initiation of lipid peroxidation. In contrast, wogonin may affect NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 reductase action, since it inhibited only the enzymatically induced lipid peroxidation.
Animals↗
[Evaluation of subjective happiness in the elderly using a visual analogue scale of happiness in correlation with depression scale].
A Visual analogue scale of happiness (VAS-H) was applied to elderly population in a community to evaluate their subjective quality of life. The study population consisted of 313 elderly people aged over 75. Using a 20 cm visual analogue scale (VAS), VAS-H was measured by asking subjects to place a single vertical mark on a horizontal line at a point corresponding to their current subjective degree of happiness judged from health condition and psycho-social background as a whole; The VAS-H was anchored on the left and with the words "-100%; unhappiest" and on the right end with the words "+100%; happiest". The scores of VAS-H (%) were obtained by multiplying the distance (cm) from the zero point to the vertical line by 10. To determine the characteristics of VAS from the standpoint of the quality of life, we compared VAS with scores of two kinds of established depression scale, because the mood which was assessed by these scale was supposed to be an important factor of the quality of life. The results of the simultaneously assessed Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and Zung's depression scale (SDS) which was obtained 1 year before for the same subjects were compared with that of VAS-H. The score of VAS-H had a significantly negative correlation with both GDS and SDS. In conclusion, VAS-H was a simple and useful method to evaluate degree of subjective happiness which was one factor of quality of life in the elderly people.
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[Evaluation of subjective happiness in the elderly using a visual analogue scale of happiness to analyze the effect of life style and neurobehavioral function on subjective happiness].
The effects of activity of daily living (ADL), physical conditions, social environmental factors and neurobehavioral functions on subjective happiness were investigated in 313 elderly subjects. The degree of subjective happiness was measured using visual analogue scale of happiness (VAS-H). There was significant relationship between VAS-H and ADL. The VAS-H score had weak but significant correlation with physical conditions and neurobehavioral functions. The social environmental factors, especially economical conditions, family relationships and group behavior had a significant correlation with VAS-H. In conclusion, in apparent healthy elderly people, the subjective degree of happiness was not related to ADLs, but to social environment and information physical conditions.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Diurnal blood pressure variations and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly patients with hypertension.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of diurnal blood pressure changes upon cerebrovascular damage in elderly patients with hypertension. DESIGN: Fifty-four asymptomatic hypertensive and 34 normotensive elderly subjects underwent both 24-h non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and brain magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS. Diurnal variation was defined as a difference of greater than or equal to 10 mmHg between mean awake and asleep systolic blood pressure. Hypertensives were thus classified as dippers or non-dippers. Low intense foci (lacunae) and advanced periventricular hyperintensity were identified as silent cerebrovascular damage. RESULTS: In the hypertensive group, lacunae were correlated more closely with mean asleep systolic blood pressure than with mean awake systolic blood pressure. Age, awake blood pressure, predicted whole blood viscosity, lipid profiles or quantity of sleep did not differ between the hypertensive dippers or non-dippers. The non-dippers, however, showed significantly higher grades of cerebrovascular damage as well as cardiac hypertrophy by electrocardiography than the dippers, whose results were similar to those of normotensives in this regard. CONCLUSIONS: An absent or lower nocturnal blood pressure fall in elderly hypertensives is associated with silent cerebrovascular damage. In contrast, the presence of a nocturnal fall could prevent the development of hypertensive vascular damage.
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[Circulatory regulatory function in elderly hypertension].
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Aged↗
[White coat hypertension in the elderly].
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Adult↗
Lipid peroxide makes rabbit platelet hyperaggregable to agonists through phospholipase A2 activation.
Treatment of rabbit platelets with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and Fe2+ caused increasing arachidonic acid release, lysophosphatidylcholine formation, and aggregation with increasing concentrations of Fe2+. A combination of tert-butyl hydroperoxide and a low concentration of Fe2+, which by itself causes slight or no such activation, elicited synergistic release of arachidonic acid and aggregation under stimulation with a suboptimal concentration of collagen or arachidonic acid as an agonist. These responses were inhibited by pretreatment of the platelets with vitamin E or mepacrine in a concentration-dependent manner, but not by uric acid. The arachidonic acid release was dependent on the presence of Ca2+ in the medium. Synergistic formation of lysophosphatidylcholine, but not diacylglycerol, was also observed under this condition. The aggregation was also inhibited by indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Cyclooxygenase activity was not affected by the oxidative treatment. These results suggest that lipid peroxide formed in membranes causes phospholipase A2 to become hypersusceptible to the agonist used, making the platelets hyperaggregable.
Animals↗
Factors associated with silent multiple lacunar lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in asymptomatic elderly hypertensive patients.
1. Factors associated with advanced cerebrovascular damage incidentally seen on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were investigated in a population of 34 normotensive and 54 hypertensive asymptomatic elderly individuals (69 +/- 5 years). 2. Four or more 'lacunar' lesions per subject were considered to be advanced changes, based on the distribution in normotensive subjects and were found in 11 (20%) out of 54 hypertensive subjects. 3. Compared with the remaining 43 hypertensive patients with fewer or no lacunae, the proportion of subjects over 70 years of age who had electrocardiographic (ECG) evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was significantly higher in this group of hypertensive patients. Patients with multi-lacunar lesions also showed significantly higher 'office' and average ambulatory, in particular, blood pressure during sleep and less nocturnal blood pressure fall, than those with fewer or no lacunae. Furthermore, they showed a higher predicted whole blood viscosity and a lower high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. The predictive values of LVH on ECG for the presence of multi-lacunar lesions in hypertensive patients were substantially high (70-90%). 4. The data suggest that silent advanced cerebrovascular damages on MRI are not rare among asymptomatic elderly hypertensive patients and are associated with various cerebrovascular risk factors. A useful marker for their identification appears to be ECG-LVH.
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A histopathological study of age-related changes of the left bundle branch in the human heart.
To study age-related changes in the left bundle branch (LBB), 32 autopsied hearts were examined histopathologically using serial sections according to the method of Lev. Each division of LBB was carefully studied, i.e., the anterior and posterior radiations and the proximal, middle, and distal portions of radiations. An increase of fibrosis and fatty infiltration were observed in the LBB with aging. There was a tendency for fibrosis to be more prominent in the proximal LBB at the site of transition from bundle branch cells to Purkinje cells.
Adipose Tissue↗
[Relationship between exercise endurance capacity and cardiovascular risk factors in seventh decade subjects].
Evidence suggests that physical activity is related to lower coronary risk factors in middle-aged subjects, but to date data are lacking for older persons. A total of 32 healthy male subjects in their seventh decade (64 +/- 3 years) were divided into 2 groups based on maximal exercise tests (Bruce protocol). Group I consisted of 14 individuals who showed "excellent" work capacity (exercise duration of greater than or equal to 10 min, 11 +/- 1 min), and Group II 18 individuals with "fair" work capacity (7.5 +/- 1 min). None of them showed ECG evidence of ischemia in these tests. As compared with Group II, Group I showed lower casual and 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure (136 +/- 21 vs 114 +/- 11 mmHg for the average daily systolic pressure respectively), higher apo A-I levels (116 +/- 36 vs 139 +/- 20 mg/dl) and lower apo B/A-I ratios. There was no significant difference in triglycerides, total and HDL cholesterol or apo-B levels between these two groups. Body mass index and smoking habits were similar in Groups I and II. These results suggest that even in older persons, excellent physical fitness is related to lower cardiovascular risk factors.
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[Computer-aided visuospatial cognitive-performance test].
The validity of a newly developed computer-aided "Visuospatial Cognitive-Performance Test" (VCP-Test) was examined in two populations, 68 normal elderly volunteers (mean age, 69.5% years) and 25 patients with dementia (mean age, 68.2 years). None of the cases in the two groups had either motor impairment or ataxia. The VCP-Test was a kind of vigilance task in which a subject is required to tap the key corresponding to the local change-over of the image on the computer display as quickly as possible. After 40 trials, consecutive data of performance efficiency were automatically displayed on the LCD display and printed out. A significant negative correlation between the VCP-Test and age in normal elderly population was recognized. Moreover, the relationship between the VCP-Test and the Hasegawa Dementia Scale (HDS), and the Mini-Mental State (MMS) was also significant in patients with dementia. In conclusion, the VCP-Test was considered to be useful for geriatric neurobehavioral functional assessment and for the detection of dementia.
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Silent cerebrovascular disease in the elderly. Correlation with ambulatory pressure.
Does the average daily blood pressure correlate with hypertensive cerebrovascular disease better than the casual pressure, as has been reported in other target organ involvement? We investigated the associations of two abnormal findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging suggestive of a vascular etiology, low intense foci (lacunae), and periventricular hyperintense lesions on T1- and T2-weighted images, with both office and average daily blood pressure values in a population of 73 healthy normotensive and hypertensive elderly individuals (70 +/- 6 years old). Lacunae were detected in 34 subjects (47%); the number per subject ranged from 0 to 19 and was significantly correlated with advancing age. Furthermore, these changes were supposedly related to the average of noninvasive ambulatory (24-hour and during awake and asleep periods) pressure recordings but not to office pressures. The grade of periventricular hyperintensity was also significantly associated with advancing age and the average of ambulatory systolic pressure recordings, particularly during sleep, but not with office blood pressure. In comparisons of normotensive, "office hypertensive," and hypertensive subgroups, abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging were appropriate to the level of the 24-hour blood pressure measurements but not to that of clinic pressure. In hypertensive patients, the presence of electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy was also associated with greater abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging. We conclude that ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is superior to casual pressure measurements in predicting latent cerebrovascular disease, which is unexpectedly common in apparently healthy elderly subjects.
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Noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring during clinic visit in elderly hypertensive patients.
The pressor response to blood pressure measurements in a routine outpatient clinic setting has not been adequately characterized. Blood pressure was monitored in 104 hypertensive patients, mean age of 62 years, by noninvasive automatic ambulatory monitoring device at 5 minutes interval throughout the time of their visits to our outpatient clinic. The average rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressures upon patients' visit to doctor's room was 17 and 7 mm Hg respectively. There was concomitant tachycardia (average rise 3 beats/minute). The rise in blood pressure and heart rate was significantly related to the value in the doctor's room, but was not related to either age, the value in the waiting room or treatment. The rise in systolic blood pressure was more prominent in female patients than in males. Blood pressure and heart rate returned to the baseline level by approximately 40 minutes after leaving the doctor's room. These results illustrate a transient rise in blood pressure during measurement by a doctor in an outpatient clinic. Noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring during clinic visit in hypertensive patients may be a potentially useful and convenient method for the better diagnosis of hypertension by abolishing the alerting reaction.
Adult↗
[Determinant of cardiac hypertrophy in elderly hypertension].
In order to define the factors responsible for cardiac hypertrophy in elderly hypertension, blood pressures and non-hemodynamic humoral parameters were correlated with echocardiographic left ventricular mass (LVM) in 30 elderly hypertensive patients and 30 age-matched normotensive subjects with a mean age of 65 years. Arterial blood pressures were obtained either at the clinic, after supine rest, during maximal exercise test, or with a 24 hour ambulatory monitoring device at 10 minute intervals. Interventricular septum and posterior wall thickness, but not end-diastolic diameter, were significantly increased in the hypertensives than in the normotensives. LVM was significantly correlated with all of te blood pressure parameters, having the strongest association with the mean of ambulatory systolic blood pressures (r = 0.65, p less than 0.001). On the other hand, plasma norepinephrine (r = 0.09), plasma renin activity (r = -0.14), and atrial natriuretic factor (r = -0.08), though known to influence cardiac adaptation to hypertrophy in young or middle aged hypertensives, were not correlated wit LVM. These results suggest that the heart in elderly hypertension is characterized by concentric hypertrophy, the only significant determinant of which appears to be a hemodynamic factor. Unlike younger patients, sympathetic nervous and renin-angiotensin systems may not play an important role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in the elderly.
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Cardiovascular regulatory functions in elderly patients with hypertension.
To dissociate the effects of an elevated blood pressure on the cardiovascular regulatory functions from those of aging in the hypertensive elderly individual, resting hemodynamic measurements and circulatory autonomic functions in 30 elderly (mean age, 66 years) hypertensive (World Health Organization stages I and II) patients were compared with those in 30 healthy elderly (mean age, 65 years) normotensive volunteers. The elderly hypertensive group showed a significantly lower cardiac index and higher total peripheral resistance. beta-Receptor sensitivity, as determined by chronotropic dose of infused isoproterenol, and baroreceptor reflex sensitivity index, derived from phase II, but not phase IV, of Valsalva's maneuver, were only slightly but significantly reduced in the hypertensive group. The variability of heart rate at rest as an index of parasympathetic control of heart was similar between these two groups. Plasma norepinephrine level was significantly inversely related to resting mean blood pressure (r = -0.31, p less than 0.05) when analyzed as a whole group. Plasma renin activity, but not plasma aldosterone, was significantly decreased in the hypertensive group. To define the effects of age itself, these parameters in normotensive elderly subjects were also compared with those in 12 young normotensive subjects (mean age, 23 years). Although resting hemodynamic measurements did not differ, various circulatory autonomic functions were significantly different between these two age groups. The variability of heart rate in 24-hour ambulatory monitoring, beta-receptor responsiveness, resting vagal cardiac activity, and baroreceptor reflex sensitivity derived from phase IV of Valsalva's maneuver were significantly depressed in the elderly. Resting plasma norepinephrine level was elevated and renin-aldosterone system decreased in the elderly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
Histidine-rich glycoprotein does not interfere with interactions between antithrombin III and heparin-like compounds on vascular endothelial cells.
The role of histidine-rich glycoprotein in controlling heparin-like compounds on the endothelial cell surface is still unclear. The effects of this heparin-neutralizing protein on the interaction between antithrombin III and cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells were examined. Displacement of 125I-labeled antithrombin III specifically bound to endothelial cells by unlabeled histidine-rich glycoprotein was much less potent than that by unlabeled antithrombin III. One hundred-fold molar excess of histidine-rich glycoprotein displaced specific 125I-antithrombin III binding only by 20%. Furthermore, the endothelial cell-mediated acceleration of thrombin inactivation by antithrombin III was diminished by protamine sulfate, but was not affected by histidine-rich glycoprotein even at a histidine-rich glycoprotein/antithrombin III molar ratio of approximately 7:1. These data indicate that histidine-rich glycoprotein does not interfere with the interaction of endothelial cell heparin-like compounds with antithrombin III. Thus, it may not play an important role in the modulation of anticoagulant activity of endothelial cells in vivo, suggesting that the commonly accepted view of the probable function of this protein is erroneous.
Animals↗