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Biomedical subjects

A Kales

Publications and source records attributed to A Kales.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Effects of flurazepam (Dalmane) on anterior pituitary secretion.

Sleep stages and release patterns for growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin were evaluated in two subjects during a three week period in which flurazepam 30 mg was administered nightly. Sleep stages were monitored throughout the placebo-baseline, drug and placebo-withdrawal conditions. Blood samples were obtained on nights three and four of baseline, after two and three weeks of drug administration and following extended drug withdrawal. In both subjects, flurazepam produced a marked suppression in stages 3 and 4 (slow wave) sleep which was maintained throughout the drug administration period. Following withdrawal, there was a slight increase in slow wave sleep above baseline levels. With all three hormones, no clear cut changes were observed in mean nightly output, pulse amplitude and pulse frequency from baseline to the drug and the withdrawal conditions. Thus, the decrease in slow wave sleep produced by administering flurazepam 30 mg was not accompanied by any clear cut changes in GH, LH or prolactin.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Effectiveness of hypnotic drugs with prolonged use: flurazepam and pentobarbital.

This study represents the first attempt to rigorously evaluate the effectiveness of hypnotic drugs under conditions of prolonged use. Flurazepam, 30 mg, and pentobarbital, 100 mg, were separately evaluated in identical 47-night sleep laboratory drug evaluation studies on insomniac subjects, which included 4 weeks of drug administration. Flurazepam was found to be effective in inducing and maintaining sleep over all treatment conditions. With long-term use, only a slight loss of effectiveness was suggested. Flurazepam also produced a moderate decrease in REM sleep and marked decrease in eye movement density and stage 4 sleep with short- and intermediate-term use. While the decreases in both REM sleep and eye movement density lessened with long-term use, stage 4 sleep remained markedly suppressed. No rebound was noted in any of these parameters after withdrawal. Pentobarbital was found to be effective in inducing and maintaining sleep only with short-term drug administration. This strongly suggests that it is of limited value for insomniac patients who require nightly medication beyond short-term use. Pentobarbital caused a minimal decrease in REM sleep with short- and intermediate-term administration, and slight rebound following withdrawal. Stages 3 and 4 sleep were decreased with short-term use and increased above baseline levels after withdrawal.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Nocturnal psychophysiological correlates of somatic conditions and sleep disorders.

Modern sleep research studies have provided the practicing physician with considerable new information concerning the basic psychophysiology of sleep, the effects of medical conditions on sleep and the role of maturational and emotional factors in producing certain sleep disorders. Medical and psychiatric disorders, sleep disorders and drug-induced sleep stage alterations are studied in the sleep laboratory using the same techniques developed to analyze sleep patterns in normal subjects. After initial sleep laboratory adaptation, a profile of the sleep characteristics of various clinical conditions is obtained. This profile can be compared to sleep profiles of normal subjects as well as to the effects on sleep of subsequent experimental or therapeutic procedures. Various studies have shown that coronary artery, duodenal ulcer and nocturnal headache patients experience angina, increased gastric acid secretion and migraine or cluster headaches, respectively during REM sleep. Adult nocturnal asthamtic episodes occur out of all sleep stages while attacks of dyspnea in asthmatic children occur in all stages except stage 4 sleep. Hypothyroid patients show decreases in stages 3 and 4 sleep, while in hyperthyroid patients the percentage of time spent in stages 3 and 4 sleep is markedly increased. Enuretic episodes occur predominantly in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Sleepwalking and night terror episodes occur exclusively out of NREM sleep, particularly from stages 3 and 4 sleep. Most child somnambulists and children with night terrors "outgrow" this disorder, suggesting a delayed maturation of the central nervous system. Stimulant drugs are effective in the treatment of the sleep attacks of narcolepsy and in treating certain cases of hypersomnia, while imipramine is an effective treatment for the auxillary symptoms of narcolepsy. Psychological disturbances are frequent in adult somnambulism and night terrors as well as in hypersomnia and insomnia. Proper pharmacologic treatment to provide symptomatic relief for insomnia is recommended to enhance the psychotherapeutic process.

Asthma↗
PubMed1975

Managing the individual and family in crisis.

Thorough assessment of the crisis requires skilled use of interviewing techniques, such as facilitating the flow of verbalization, selective focusing, ventilation and catharsis. Family interviewing is especially challenging. Conveying interest and preserving neutrality are essential while deciphering relationships among family members. Treatment modalities include individual and family counseling, psychoactive drugs, environmental manipulation (hospitalization, vacation) and the use of community resources. Intervention at the appropriate time can break a vicious cycle of repetitive disorganization and crisis.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1972

Gonadotropin secretion during sleep in normal adult men.

Release of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone during sleep in young adult men occurred in unrelated, random, arrhythmic peaks, with no consistency from night to night in the same subject. Release of luteinizing hormone was modestly but significantly larger (14 perecnt) during rapid-eye-movement sleep than it was in non-REM sleep, but release of follicle stimulating hormone was not clearly related to stages of sleep.

Adult↗