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Biomedical subjects

A J Schotman

Publications and source records attributed to A J Schotman.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1987

[Sewage sludge].

Current knowledge of sewage sludge is reviewed, particular reference being made to the possible effect on the health of herds of cattle. The following measures should be urgently and seriously considered: more effective watching of sewage disposal; assessments on sewage disposals, related to the costs of alternatives; stricter checks on diffuse sources of pollution (refuse dumps, agriculture, etc.); development of long-term views to prevent the appearance of waste matter injurious to health and putting a stop to methods of production in which these wastes are released. The disposal of toxic substances in the environment was reduced by fifty per cent in particular sections during the past five years. When this is chosen as an objective, the Netherlands will be clean in approximately fifty years. In the opinion of experts, this would appear to be a practical approach which can be accomplished by considerable economic efforts. When the thoughtless disposal of toxic substances comes to an end, it will be possible to use sewage sludge in agriculture without this becoming a hazard to the health of animals and man.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Some aspects of extra iron supply in veal calf fattening.

Extra iron (5 ppm) in a normal commercial milk replacer given from the end of the sixth week until the end of the sixteenth week of the fattening period influenced food conversion positively without a loss in meat quality. Even when the extra iron was given to the end of the fattening period there was no perceptible improvement of the haematological status of the calf, though liver iron concentration was increased. During all the experiments no stainable iron could be found in bone marrow smears. Iron and copper concentration measured in liver biopsies appeared to give reliable information about, respectively, iron and copper status of the veal calf. In relation to the colour of the meat at slaughter the blood haemoglobin concentration during the fattening period was found to be the most reliable parameter.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1986

Distribution of iron and copper in the liver and spleen of veal calves in relation to the concentration of iron in the diet.

The distribution of iron and copper in the liver and spleen of veal calves was determined in a group of calves fattened with a commercial milk replacer supplemented with 5 ppm iron and in a control group fed the unsupplemented milk replacer. No marked variations were detected in the distribution of iron and copper. A liver biopsy is therefore likely to be a representative sample of the whole liver with respect to iron and copper concentration.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

An unusual case of lead poisoning in a honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus).

The diagnosis and treatment of a case of lead poisoning in a honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus) are described. Presenting signs were diarrhoea and weakness. Lead poisoning was suspected after radiography and confirmed by measuring the lead concentration in a venous blood sample. Comparison values of venous lead concentrations in healthy racing pigeons (Columba livia) were established. A method for the removal of lead shor from the gizzard of birds with a bronchoscope and grasping forceps under fluoroscopic control is described.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Fever and changes in plasma zinc and iron concentrations in the goat: the role of leukocytic pyrogen.

In goats with trypanosomiasis (T. vivax or T. congolense) no marked fall in plasma zinc concentration was seen despite high temperature peaks, whereas plasma concentrations of iron tended to undergo some decline. In goats infected with Ehrlichia phagocytophila, there was a marked decline in plasma zinc and iron to low values on the 3rd and 4th day, respectively. Circulating endogenous pyrogen (EP) or leukocytic endogenous mediator (LEM) could not be detected in plasma from febrile goats with tick-borne fever. The intravenous injection of leukocytic pyrogen (LP) in kids caused characteristic monophasic febrile reactions, whereas no significant changes in plasma trace metals were found. So, previous evidence purporting to show that LP is similar to or may be identical with LEM is demonstrably inconclusive. Intravenous injection of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) induced fever and lowering of plasma zinc and iron concentrations. The decrease in those trace metal values was more persistent in goats given SEB than in those given E. coli LPS. After intramammary infusion of SEB or E. coli LPS, fever and significant decreases in plasma zinc and iron concentrations were observed but no clear relationship was found between the temperature responses and the alterations in plasma trace metal concentrations. Furthermore, the decrease in plasma iron concentration developed more rapidly in goats given SEB than in those given E. coli LPS, whereas the decrease in plasma zinc concentrations in the former was more delayed. These data support the theory that the concentrations of zinc and iron in plasma are regulated by different mechanisms, whereas febrile reactions are mediated by another type of endogenous protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Clinical, haematological and blood biochemical changes in goats after experimental infection with tick-borne fever.

Tick-borne fever in goats caused by Ehrlichia (Cytoecetes) phagocytophila was characterised by high fever, dullness, anorexia, tachycardia and a slight to moderate inhibition of rumen motility. The animals developed a gradual decline in the total number of circulating white blood cells. There was a decrease in lymphocytes over a short period, followed by an increase. The number of neutrophils was higher on the 3rd day, causing considerable change in the lymphocyte:neutrophil ratios. The number of eosinophils increased slightly. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased during the febrile episodes, and a marked decline was observed in both plasma zinc and iron concentrations. Furthermore, there was a small but progressive decrease of haemoglobin and haematocrit values. Circulating endogenous pyrogen/leucocyte endogenous mediator could not be detected in plasma from febrile goats. Tick-borne fever was passively transmitted to kids with plasma obtained from these febrile animals.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1984

Comparative observations of fever and associated clinical hematological and blood biochemical changes after intravenous administration of staphylococcal enterotoxins B and F (toxic shock syndrome toxin-1) in goats.

The present investigation was undertaken to examine the characteristics of purified toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (staphylococcal enterotoxin F) given intravenously to dwarf goats (dose, 0.02 to 20 micrograms kg-1). Rectal temperature, heart rate, rumen motility, plasma zinc and iron concentrations, and certain other blood biochemical and hematological values were studied and compared with the changes seen after intravenous administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (dose, 0.02 to 0.5 micrograms kg-1). Similar changes such as fever, tachycardia, inhibition of rumen contractions, drop in plasma zinc and iron concentrations, lymphopenia, and a decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase activity were observed. In contrast to the effects of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, staphylococcal enterotoxin B induced colic, watery diarrhea with pseudomembranes, hemoconcentration, and a more pronounced increase in blood urea nitrogen. The results obtained demonstrate that (i) in the goat staphylococcal enterotoxin B is much more potent than toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and (ii) the goat is a useful model to study the gastro-intestinal effects caused by staphylococcal enterotoxin B. The present finding that no clear relationship could be found between the temperature response and the alterations in zinc and iron levels in plasma support the theory that the febrile reactions and the changes in plasma trace metals are mediated by different polypeptides released by activated macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Crimidine (2-chloro-4-(dimethylamino)-6-methylpyrimidine) poisoning in a dog due to ingestion of the rodenticide Castrix.

The diagnosis and treatment of a case of crimidine poisoning in a dog are described. Presenting signs were seizures and vomiting. The vomitus contained a purple coloured cereal grain. The signs and grain colour were suggestive for a rodenticide with convulsive effects. The diagnosis of crimidine poisoning was made by thin layer chromatography and was later confirmed by finding the source of the poison. Except for the administration of Vit B6, the specific antidote for crimidine, general treatment principles for poisoning were followed. The treatment of crimidine poisoning is time consuming and requires intensive care facilities.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Zinc concentrations in skimmed milk and whole milk samples from healthy and mastitic cows.

Zinc concentrations were determined in skimmed milk and whole milk samples from healthy and mastitic cows. During spontaneous and induced mastitis, a marked decrease of Zn concentration in skimmed milk from the mastitic quarters was observed. Seemingly, there are 2 mechanisms involved in the lowering of Zn concentration in skimmed milk from mastitic quarters: a decline in Zn probably as a consequence of decreases in plasma Zn concentrations and an abrupt redistribution of Zn in the inflamed quarters.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Endotoxin-induced fever and associated haematological and blood biochemical changes in the goat: the effect of repeated administration and the influence of flurbiprofen.

Flurbiprofen, a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agent, was given as an intravenous infusion (2 mg/kg) followed by a bolus injection of 1 mg/kg six hours later. After drug administration body temperature and rumen contractions were slightly depressed, whereas urea values gradually increased; serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, plasma iron concentration and the number of circulating lymphocytes were significantly lower. Intravenous injection of endotoxin from Escherichia coli O111B4 (0.1 microgram/kg) caused shivering, fever, inhibition of rumen contractions, changes in heart rate, lymphopenia, neutropenia followed by neutrophylic leucocytosis, changes in urea values, hypoferraemia, hypozincaemia and a decline in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, whereas gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase and SDH values were not significantly altered. Pretreatment with flurbiprofen completely abolished the febrile reactions to endotoxin. The endotoxin-induced inhibition of rumen contractions was only delayed. The drug blocked the initial tachycardia to endotoxin but did not prevent the secondary biphasic increase in heart rate. Flurbiprofen failed to modify the endotoxin-induced decrease in both plasma zinc and serum ALP activity whereas the decline in plasma iron concentration was delayed. After drug pretreatment the changes in circulating white blood cells were more pronounced. These data demonstrate that most of the haematological, blood biochemical and clinical effects of endotoxin cannot be blocked by flurbiprofen, and that these effects are not due to the increase in body temperature alone. Tolerance induced by repetitive daily intravenous administration of endotoxin resulted in an almost complete abolition of all the effects. However, the plasma iron values from tolerant goats were significantly lower than those from non-tolerant animals, which demonstrates that the development of a refractory state can result in modification of this biochemical parameter.

Animals↗