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Biomedical subjects

A I Strukov

Publications and source records attributed to A I Strukov.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

[Leukocyte cytoskeleton under normal and pathological conditions].

Like other cells, leukocytes have the cellular skeleton comprising microtubules, actine, myosine, and intermediate filaments. Elements of the cellular skeleton are connected with receptors on the plasma membrane surface and determine the distribution density of these receptors. There is functional relationship between microtubules and actine filaments, in particular, microtubules determine uniform distribution of actine filaments in the cell cytoplasm. The basic principle of functioning of the cellular skeleton consists of the process of polymerization and reversible depolymerization of proteins forming components of the cellular skeleton. These processes are regulated by Ca2+, calmoduline, as well as by the ratio of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and guanidine monophosphate in the cell. The cellular skeleton determines the most important functions of leukocytes: their mobility, binding and absorption of various substances, processes of degranulation, fusion of granules with phagocytic vacuole. Cellular skeleton defects are accompanied by recurrent bacterial infections. Several such defects are known: leukocyte actine dysfunction syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, syndrome with marked increase in the content of cGMP and microtubules in leukocytes. In these syndromes, the therapeutic effect is achieved with the substances which regulate the level of cyclic nucleotides in leukocytes, among them large doses of ascorbic acid.

Arachidonic Acids↗
PubMed1983

[Microcirculation and inflammation].

On the basis of the literature analysis and own observations the author concludes that the process of inflammation involves all the components of the microcirculatory bed and the endothelial lining: arterioles, blood precapillaries, capillaries, postcapillaries, venules, lymph capillaries, systems of the interstitial tissue channels as well as the connective tissue rich in hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans. The emergence of all cardinal signs of inflammation is associated with damage of different components of the microcirculatory bed. Intensive peroxidation of lipids ("oxidative stress") was observed in the focus of inflammation. Microcirculatory disorders in the inflammation focus are always synchronously accompanied by activation of blood plasma protein systems: coagulation, anticoagulation, kinin, complementary.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Rheumatoid synovitis (problems of immunomorphology and immunopathogenesis)].

The immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid synovitis (RS) is assumed to be as follows: antigen X interacts with the organism of subjects genetically predisposed to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as a result of which the immune response regulation is disturbed ("immunological discomfort") leading to changes in proliferation and differentiation of immunocompetent cells immunologically manifested by disturbed ratios of lymphocyte subpopulations and morphologically by immune inflammation of synovial membranes, i.e. RS. Immune inflammation in RS is a systemic, chronic, persisting, recurrent, self-sustained process based on profound changes in qualitative and quantitative aspects of immunological homoeostasis. The results of the authors' own studies indicate that in the inflammation field (eluates of synovial membrane and synovial fluid) rearrangement of lymphocyte subpopulations is more marked than in the peripheral blood of patients with RA. The quantitative deficiency in eluates of synovial membrane and peripheral blood of T gamma-lymphocytes having the suppressive-cytotoxic function confirms the important role of immunoregulation disturbance in the pathogenesis of RA.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1982

[Analysis of the mast cell population in excitation and blockade of the anticoagulant system].

Stimulation of the anticoagulation system with the structural analogs of alpha-thrombin, DPP-alpha-thrombin and prothrombin I having no proteolytic activity leads, as is the case with alpha-thrombin, to a decrease in the heparin content in mast cells and to a concurrent rise in the blood level of the complex compounds of heparin and blood proteins. Morphometry disclosed a substantial shift of mast cell population towards the light, heparin-free forms. In the experimental animals, the index of mast cell saturation with heparin dropped below one. Heparin release by mast cells proceeded by the merocrine secretion type, largely at the expense of granulolysis, with the cell integrity being preserved. Degranulation was effected via the strong form. Intravenous injection to the animals of alpha-thrombin in the presence of the anticoagulation system blockade with chlorpromazine produced no similar changes in the mast cell population.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[New aspects of the theory inflammation (immune inflammation)].

Immune inflammation (II) arises on the basis of immunopathological mechanisms and acquires certain qualitative and quantitative features. It develops in a sensitized host following a specific immune response. Several kinds of II are to be distinguished differing from each other by the prevalence of disorders in cellular or humoral immunity, the pattern of the antigen, involvement in the response of immunoglobulins of different classes, complement components and a set of mediators. According to Sell's scheme, six immunopathological mechanisms are distinguished which underlie the development of early (like immediate type hypersensitivity) or late (like delayed type hypersensitivity) immune inflammation. Sometimes humoral and cellular mechanisms alternate in II which is reflected in the morphological picture of inflammation. This is illustrated by an example of the study of tissue inflammatory reactions in the synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis. Immune inflammation shows a trend to self-reproduction and continuous course with periods of remission and exacerbation of different durations. Timely recognition of immune inflammation is important both theoretically and practically.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Pathogenetic and morphological aspects of sudden cardiac death].

The epidemiology, risk factors, pathological anatomy, and pathogenesis of sudden cardiac death are characterized on the grounds of literature data and the results of the authors own study. The main attention was focused on sudden death in ischemic heart disease. Information on acute and chronic morphological changes in the coronary arteries of the heart, the myocardium, and the conducting system is given. The pathogenic importance of myocardial ischemia, local metabolic damages, and microcirculatory disorders in the heart muscle is discussed. It is indicated that the principal role in thanatogenesis is played by the electrical instability of the myocardium and disorders of cardiac rhythm caused to a definite measure by the structural and functional changes in the conducting system of the heart.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

[Morphological determinism].

The historical experience of development of medical science is indicative of the close association of structurally-morphological and causal concepts in the theory of pathology. The former and the latter become closer. This gives grounds to distinguish the concept of morphological determinism as a system of universal associations intrinsic in the host and determining its reactions to the environmental effects. Morphological determining allows proper understanding of the integrity of a living organism, its structural organization, and substantiates the principle of the unity of the structure (morphology) and dynamics (functioning) in the theory of pathology. Synchronously and concomitantly running structural-morphological equivalent processes are always at the basis of all the functional changes. Therefore the concepts of the primary nature of functional and secondary nature of structural-morphological changes currently cannot be accepted to be correct, and the concept of functional diseases should be refuted as ungrounded. The cognitive value of morphological determinism is in that it orients the thinking and actions of physician towards the elucidation of the structure of a pathological process and brings each functional change to the appropriate morphological foundation at different levels of the organization of a living being down to the molecular level.

Disease↗
PubMed1980

[Pathomorphosis of tuberculosis].

Based on the analysis of changes considered from the point of view of 4 aspects (epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinico-anatomical manifestations, outcomes, of the disease), the current features of pathomorphosis of tuberculosis are described. It is noted that the present favourable epidemiological situation with regard to tuberculosis does not permit any weakening of measures for control of this disease. In economically developed countries, therapeutic pathomorphosis of tuberculosis is prevalent. In the qualitative spectrum of pathomorphosis of tuberculosis as a disease of the whole organism, particular attention should be paid to residual alterations after clinical cure of tuberculosis, late results of tuberculosis therapy, and complications of various medical interventions, particularly inadequate therapy with the development of immunodeficient condition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Structural and functional bases of hemostasis and its pathology].

The multiphase process of blood coagulation occurs owing to the interaction of three links of hemostasis--thrombocyte apparatus, plasma factors, and vascular wall components--and is regulated by the neuro-reflectory mechanisms of the coagulating and anticoagulating systems. At the early stage of hemostasis, a set of reactions begins in the thrombocyte apparatus leading to cell aggregation, secretion of the content of granules, synthesis of prostaglandines and eventually to the formation of thrombocyte thrombus. Disorders in ultrastructures and membranes of thrombocytes, particularly in receptor glycoproteins lead to the development of molecular disease of thrombocyte and to the disturbance of hemostasis. Plasma factors are activated by some proteolysis reactions in the realization of which a great role is played by phospholipids; Ca ions and regulatory proteins. The key reaction of hemostasis is activation of prothrombin into thrombin. Hemostasis disorders at this stage are of congenital (factor deficiency) or acquired (vitamin K deficiency) nature and occur at the molecular level. Hemostasis is terminated by a step-wise formation of fibrin. Disorders of one of the stages of this process due to congenital abnormality of fibrinogen results in coagulation defect due to the molecular disease of fibrinogen. The problem of hemostasis is inseparable from that of the mechanism causing the living host resistance to thrombus formation. The regulation of the liquid state of the blood and its coagulated is performed by the combined functioning of the coagulating and anticoagulating systems.

Blood Coagulation↗
PubMed1980

[The initial stage of disease].

The many-year experience of comparing the clinical picture of human disease with its pathological picture indicates that man begins to be aware of the pathological process typical of a given disease in many cases after some, not infrequently long period after its initiation and against the background of already developed morphological changes of organs and tissues. This difference in the time between morphologically initial and clinically early manifestation of disease may be explained by the existence in the body of a strong system of compensatory-adaptive reactions directed to the preservation of homeostasis. When these reactions are disturbed, homeostasis is broken and the disease becomes clinically manifest. A disease may be diagnosed early only when it is recognized in this "latent" period. It is in this period that the damage ("break" according to Pavlov) of the regulating systems frequently far from the target organ occurs. Thus, hypertension arises when the centers regulating the constant level of arterial pressure are damaged, while the entire pathology of hypertension is the effect of this damage. Mammary cancer is the effect of dyshormonal damages occurring in endocrine glands. Many diseases of the stomach are associated with primary involvement of various parts of the central and vegetative nervous system. Damages of the immunocompetent system and disturbances of immunological homeostasis are primary in diseases of the connective tissue with immune disorders and determine their clinical pattern and morphology. The results of morphological investigations performed by modern methods indicate that there are no functional diseases and that each disease has its material substrate determined at all levels of organization beginning from molecular and subcellular and ending with systemic. The material substrate of disease is formed from alterations at the site of the initial lesion and alterations in the target organ in which this lesion is manifested externally. The task of the current medicine is to recognize the morphological and clinical essence of the initial period of disease as an entity which is very important for early diagnosis.

Diagnosis↗
PubMed1979

[Ultrastructure of the microcirculatory pathways of the lungs in chronic penumonia].

Study of the ultrastructure of the microcirculation tract in patients suffering from chronic pneumonia with bronchiectasis and abscess formation revealed involvement of all parts of the pulmonary and pleural microcirculation system, including intra-and extravascular disorders and changes in the vascular wall. Combination of rheological disorders and dyscoagulation in the microvessels with stable increase in vascular permeability and changes in the components of the aerohematic barrier leads to disturbances of metabolic and hemodynamic homeostasis in the lungs, advancement of the suppurative process, and increase of pulmonary hypertension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Use of morphometry in pathological anatomy].

The paper describes the main principles of morphometry and its concepts and characterizes the potentials of the morphometric methods. Statistical sampling and conditions of preserving its representative character are dealt with. The implications of some concepts of variation statistics are analysed: mean values, variability indices, confidence intervals, thresholds of confidence probability, criteria of significance, regularities of the distribution of frequencies of sampling elements. The main rules of the factor, correlation, regression, dispersion, and information analysis are described. Attention is drawn to the insufficient use of morphometry potentials. It is stated that morphometric description should not overshadow the specific features of the structures under study.

Anatomy↗