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Biomedical subjects

A I Ismail

Publications and source records attributed to A I Ismail.

52 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Dental caries and periodontal disease among Mexican-American children from five southwestern states, 1982-1983.

Analysis of Southwestern HHANES data showed that the prevalence of dental caries among Mexican-American children is similar to that of children of the same age examined during the NIDR survey (1979-1980), despite a lower level of restorative treatment. Approximately 50% of Mexican-American children 17 years of age, however, had five or more teeth that were either decayed or filled. Occlusal surfaces of molars were the most susceptible teeth to decay; few anterior teeth were affected. This distribution of dental caries strongly supports the use of fissure sealants on molar teeth. Children from low-income families had two times more decayed teeth than children from high-income families. Mild gingivitis and poor oral hygiene were more prevalent in the Mexican-American children than in the child population for the region examined during NHANES I in 1971-1974. Children from high-income families had better periodontal health than those from low-income families.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Prevalence of total tooth loss, dental caries, and periodontal disease in Mexican-American adults: results from the southwestern HHANES.

The Southwestern portion of the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) was conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) in 1982 and 1983. The survey population was Mexican-Americans residing in five Southwestern states. This report presents data on the prevalence of total tooth loss, dental caries, and periodontal diseases in 3860 Mexican-American adults aged from 18 to 74. Results show that 4.3% of this group was edentulous. Among the dentate, Mexican-Americans had lower overall DMF scores but higher numbers of untreated decayed teeth than did residents of the same region seen in the NHANES I survey in 1971-1974. Caries of the smooth surfaces in both posterior and anterior teeth was more pronounced in the older than in the younger age groups. Mexican-Americans had more gingivitis but fewer periodontal pockets than did the general population in the Western states during NHANES I. The caries pattern in the Mexican-Americans suggests that caries among adults may remain a problem in the future, with the possibility of increased involvement with the aging, although modest, of smooth tooth surfaces.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

High-fluoride drinking water, fluorosis, and dental caries in adults.

This study measures the prevalence and distribution of dental fluorosis and coronal caries in lifelong adult residents of two New Mexico communities. One community has a natural fluoride concentration of approximately 0.7 mg/L in its drinking water, optimum for the climate, and the water of the other community is naturally fluoridated at approximately 3.5 mg/L, five times optimum. The differences between the communities in amounts of dental fluorosis and any reduced susceptibility to dental caries associated with higher levels of fluorosis, particularly in molars, the teeth most susceptible to decay, are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Findings from the Dental Care Supplement of the National Health Interview Survey, 1983.

This report describes the prevalence of edentulism, problems associated with use of dentures, and reported use of fluoride products in the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. The statistics reported are based on a sample of 105,182 people about whom information was collected using the 1983 Dental Care Supplement to the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Concerns of patients seeking treatment for TMJ dysfunction.

One hundred fifty-seven patients, 126 women and 24 men, 10 to 75 years of age, completed a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire contained questions asking about the patients' chief complaint, treatment received before coming to the clinic, the patients' view of their problem, and who informed them of the possible end result of an untreated "TMJ problem." The results revealed that pain was the most commonly reported complaint (54%), discomfort and headache came second and third (52.2% and 46.5%, respectively). A significant correlation was found between inability to chew and pain, discomfort, tightness in the masticatory muscles, and locking and clicking of the joint. Most patients had received three or more types of treatment before coming to the University of Michigan, TMJ and Oral Facial pain Clinic. A significant correlation was found between an increased number of reported symptoms and an increase in the number of treatments. The most frequently used treatment methods were pain medication, mouth guard (appliances), and occlusal adjustment. Most patients (84.1%) were referred to the TMJ and Oral Facial Pain Clinic by dentists because of clicking, locking, and limitation of movement, with or without pain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Time of development of occlusal and proximal lesions: implications for fissure sealants.

Analysis of surface and tooth-specific data from NHANES I and HHANES shows that the pattern of dental caries differs greatly from tooth to tooth and surface to surface. Occlusal caries precedes all other types, and increases most rapidly and to the highest levels in the molars. Caries on the proximal surfaces comes later. For sealants to be of value, they must reduce the need for restorations. Therefore, the value of sealants will be determined by the balance between high enough levels of potential caries on occlusal surfaces to give them something to prevent, and low levels of, or sufficiently delayed, proximal lesions to prevent the loss of the otherwise saved occlusal surface. The data presented demonstrate that as of the time of NHANES I, the number of permanent molars that could have had surfaces saved from restoration, at least for a number of years, appears to be sufficient to warrant widespread use of sealants on those teeth. More recent data (HHANES) suggest that the current decline in caries prevalence is likely to reduce the value of sealants in the short run because there are fewer occlusal lesions in young children, but may increase the value of sealants in the long run because proximal caries in older children and adults is also declining.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Prevalence of deep periodontal pockets in New Mexico adults aged 27 to 74 years.

The purpose of this study was to describe the distribution of advanced periodontal destruction (pocket depth equal to or deeper than six mm) in continuous residents, aged 27 to 74 years, of Lordsburg and Deming, New Mexico. The distance from the free gingival margin to the base of the gingival crevice or pocket was measured on the facial and mesiofacial sides of six index teeth. The presence of supragingival calculus, subgingival calculus, and plaque, as well as gingival bleeding around the index teeth, also were evaluated. Of the 372 examinees, only 46 individuals (12.4 percent) had at least one deep pocket equal to or deeper than six mm on at least one site on the six index teeth. Age was significantly associated with prevalence of deep pockets, although about 80 percent of those aged 47 to 74 years did not have deep pockets. Of those with deep pockets, 89.1 percent had fewer than four tooth sites (out of 12) affected. The only significant risk factor of the presence of deep pockets, other than age, was the number of teeth with plaque accumulations. Age and the number of teeth with plaque explained only 10.5 percent of the variability in the prevalence of deep pocketing, suggesting that risk factors other than those included in this study may be important. The results of this study indicate that destructive periodontal disease occurs at selected sites within the mouth, and that about 87 percent of the adults over age 27, in this population, do not have deep pockets in the six index teeth examined.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Root caries in an optimally fluoridated and a high-fluoride community.

The purpose of this study was to measure the prevalence and distribution of root caries in two New Mexico communities. One community, Deming, had a natural fluoride concentration of 0.7 mg/L in its drinking water, optimum for its climate. The other, Lordsburg, was naturally fluoridated at 3.5 mg/L, five times the optimum. Dental examinations were carried out on 151 adults in Deming (mean age, 39.8 years) and 164 in Lordsburg (mean age, 43.2 years); only persons born in the communities were included. Prevalence of root caries was 23.8% in Deming and 7.3% in Lordsburg; mean number of lesions was 0.69 in Deming and 0.08 in Lordsburg (p less than 0.0001). Although there was more gingival recession in Lordsburg, Root Caries Index scores were five times greater in Deming. Root caries was more prevalent in older age groups, and was correlated with coronal caries experience in both communities. Root caries was correlated with plaque and calculus scores in Deming only. Logistic regression showed that city of residence was the major predictor of root caries, with other significant predictors being age, education, gingival recession, and loss of periodontal attachment. When combined with previous research, these results confirm that root caries experience is directly related to the fluoride concentration in the drinking water.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Food cariogenicity in Americans aged from 9 to 29 years assessed in a national cross-sectional survey, 1971-74.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the probability of having high DMFT scores and reported consumption of eight food groups. The sample included Americans (aged from 9 to 29 years) examined during the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 1971 and 1974. Analysis was restricted to comparing those individuals having DMFT scores equal to or above the 80th percentile of the DMFT distribution with those having scores equal to or below the 20th percentile of the distribution. The strongest discriminator between the low- and high-DMFT groups was the between-meal consumption of table sugars and syrups. The between-meal consumption of sugary desserts was also significantly associated with high DMFT scores. Foods to which table sugars are usually added before consumption, such as coffee, chocolate, and tea drinks, were associated with high DMFT scores in the bivariate analysis. When the same-day consumption of table sugars and syrups was accounted for, the associations became nonsignificant. The reported consumption of breakfast cereals, bread, fruit juices, ice cream, and nuts and crackers was not associated with high DMFT scores, perhaps because they were consumed only infrequently.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Periodontal disease, tooth loss, and oral hygiene among older Americans.

Recent research has suggested that susceptibility to destructive periodontal disease may not be as universal as was previously thought. This report analyzes data from a representative national sample of 11 338 American adults aged 25-74, examined in a national survey in 1971-74. Results showed that 46.1% of those aged 65-74 were edentulous, but half of the dentate persons in that age group were diagnosed as free of destructive periodontal disease. Periodontal (PI) and oral hygiene (OHI-S) index scores in this group were significantly better in those persons who had lost fewest teeth. When persons aged 65-74 who retained 25 or more teeth were compared with younger adults who also had 25 or more teeth, OHI-S and CI scores were similar. It is hypothesized that maintenance of oral hygiene levels corresponding to OHI-S scores of 0.3-0.6, and calculus levels corresponding to CI scores of 0.1-0.2, is sufficient to maintain a dentition free of periodontal disease throughout life. Slightly higher OHI-S levels (0.7-1.3) and CI levels (0.3-0.6) might be compatible with acceptably low levels of periodontal disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The cariogenicity of soft drinks in the United States.

The cariogenicity of soft drinks was evaluated in 3,194 Americans aged 9 to 29 years who were examined during the NHANES I survey conducted from 1971 to 1974. A significant positive association was found between the frequencies of at- and between-meal consumption of soft drinks and high DMFT scores. These associations remained even after accounting for the reported concurrent consumption of other sugary foods and other confounding variables. The results of this study underscore the need for further evaluation of the relation between adhesiveness of sugary foods and dental caries and more research of the cariogenicity (or lack of it) of diet drinks. "Pure cariogenicity" is suggested as a term to apply to gram-for-gram comparisons, whereas "effective cariogenicity" also considers amount and frequency of consumption. Dentists and auxiliaries, in their dental health education, should not imply that sugary solutions are less cariogenic than sticky snacks, for there may be no difference in effective cariogenicity in modern American society.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Epidemiologic patterns of smoking and periodontal disease in the United States.

The adverse effect of smoking on periodontal health has been demonstrated in the analysis of the dental and smoking history data collected from a representative sample of the US population. The association between poorer levels of periodontal health and smoking remained even after accounting for age, sex, race, oral hygiene, socioeconomic status, and frequency of daily toothbrushing variables. When the analysis was restricted to smokers only, no clear-cut association was demonstrated between periodontal disease and the duration of smoking or the number of cigarettes smoked per day. The results of this study suggest that dental practitioners should try to discourage their patients from smoking for reasons of periodontal health as well as general preventive care.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Relation between ascorbic acid intake and periodontal disease in the United States.

Only a weak association between periodontal disease and ascorbic acid deficiency has been shown in the analysis of nutritional and periodontal health data collected from a representative sample of the US population. Intake of ascorbic acid in amounts larger than those recommended by the dietary standards does not seem to be associated with better periodontal health. The results of this study also suggest that dental practitioners are better advised to concentrate on plaque control rather than vitamin C supplements to prevent and control periodontal disease in their patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sporotrichoid cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major of different zymodemes in the Sudan and Saudi Arabia: a comparative study.

Sporotrichoid cutaneous leishmaniasis is due to dissemination of amastigotes via the lymphatics to the subcutaneous tissues. A comparison was made between the potential to disseminate by this route of 2 parasites of different zymodemes in Sudan and Saudi Arabia. In Sudan cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania major zymodeme LON-1, and in Saudi Arabia by L. major LON-4. Sporotrichoid leishmaniasis was significantly more common in Sudan, occurring in 23% of patients compared with 10% in Saudi Arabia. Lymph node involvement was slightly more prevalent in the Sudan. Clinical and pathological differences between subcutaneous nodules, particularly when they ulcerate, and multiple primary cutaneous lesions are described and treatment of localized and sporotrichoid leishmaniasis is discussed. The pathological features of the primary lesions in the Sudan and Saudi Arabia were similar.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of early dietary habits in dental caries development.

Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a serious dental condition that occurs during the first three years of life and is associated with the early intake of sugary foods, drinks, or snacks. There is now evidence that early malnutrition episodes could lead to delay in the eruption of primary teeth and possibly to increased caries prevalence. Significant correlations are present between the intakes of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats during infancy and several years later in life. Infants' dietary intake is also significantly correlated with the dietary intake of their mothers. Supplementing milk with vitamins during the first several years of life leads to reduction in the prevalence of linear enamel hypoplasia, a condition that may be associated with future development of dental caries. There are equivocal findings concerning the value of using dietary habits to predict caries incidence during the first three years of life. There is a need for development of educational, nutritional, and prevention programs targeting mothers and infants and for research on effective methods to prevent Early Childhood Caries.

Age Factors↗