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Biomedical subjects

A Holbrook

Publications and source records attributed to A Holbrook.

27 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

[Antibiotic consumption in a community of Mexico City. II. Survey of purchases at pharmacies].

In developing countries, antibiotics are the most common sales of drugs and it has been suggested that their irrational use leads to the emergence of resistant bacteria. In order to assess the purchase of antimicrobials in a peri-urban community in Mexico City six local drug stores were randomly selected. A social worker made five visits to each pharmacy and she observed the events during the purchase of the drug and applied a structured questionnaire to the customer immediately after the transaction. Antibiotics were the majority (29%) of the drug sales. Of all purchasers of an antibiotic 43% did it without medical prescription and 72% answered that a physician had influenced on the purchase. Duration of the antibiotic therapy was specified in one out of three prescriptions that were examined and only in 28% of the sales the purchase was enough for a treatment duration of more than four days. More information, from similar surveys in drug stores in other settings, is needed to support the reinforcement of actions to control the sales of antibiotics in the community.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1991

Scale models.

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Community Health Services↗
PubMed1982

Fundamental frequency characteristics of young Black adults: spontaneous speaking and oral reading.

The purpose of this study was to determine the speaking fundamental vocal frequency of young Black adults during prompted spontaneous speech and reading and to compare the results with published data for White subjects of comparable age. Subjects were 100 men and 100 women volunteers, ranging in age from 18 to 29 years. Central tendency and dispersion values were calculated from data obtained with a fundamental frequency analyzer (Florida I). The mean modal fundamental vocal frequency for spontaneous speaking was 108.05 Hz for men and 188.85 Hz for women. The mean range was 80.70--166.65 Hz (6.27 tones) for men and 132.55--270.80 Hz (6.18 tones) for women. The men showed smaller excursions from the mean mode to the lower limit of the mean range (27.35 hz, 2.52 tones) than from the mean mode to the upper limit of the mean range (58.60 Hz, 3.75 tones). The women had a range of 81.95 Hz above and 56.30 Hz below the mean mode but approximately equal tonal intervals above and below (3.12 and 3.06, respectively). A comparison of prompted spontaneous speech to reading for the same subjects indicated that the mean modal fundamental vocal frequency was significantly lower and the mean range was significantly greater for speaking than for reading. Both men and women had a mean speaking range of one octave. In comparison to published values for young White adult subjects, the Black subjects in this study had a lower mean fundamental vocal frequency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

A study of the reading fundamental vocal frequency of young black adults.

This study investigated the measures of central tendency (mean mode) and dispersion (standard deviations and ranges) of the reading fundamental vocal frequency in young black adults. The subjects were 200 (100 males/100 females) college student volunteers whose ages ranged from 18 to 29 years. A fundamental frequency analyzer (FLORIDA I) was used to measure the fundamental vocal frequency. The mean modal fundamental vocal frequency for males was 110.15 Hz, with a mean range from 81.95 Hz to 158.50 Hz. The mean modal fundamental vocal frequency for females was 193.10 Hz, with a mean range from 139.05 Hz to 266.10 Hz. The males showed a slightly greater range expressed in tones than did the females. Compared to a similar white population studied by Fitch & Holbrook (1970), the black population had lower mean modal fundamental vocal frequencies and greater mean frequency ranges. Fitch's white subjects showed a greater range below the mean mode than above it. This behavior was reversed for the black subjects of the present study. Such patterns of vocal behavior may be important clues which alert the listener to the speaker's racial identity.

Adolescent↗