[Preservation of whole vitreous by freeze dry methods--SEM appearance].
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
A Hara
Publications and source records attributed to A Hara.
Purification and characterization of two forms of microsomal carbonyl reductase in guinea pig liver.
Two forms of microsomal carbonyl reductase, solubilized in Triton X-100, were purified to homogeneity from the liver of male guinea pigs, primarily by affinity, DEAE-Sephacel, gel-filtration and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The major form was a tetrameric glycoprotein of single subunits of Mr 32000 and a pI value of 7.0; another minor form was a monomeric protein with Mr 34000 and a pI value of 7.8. The enzymes were immunologically distinct. Although the enzymes showed similar substrate specificity for exogenous aldehydes and ketones and apparently absolute cofactor specificity for NADPH, their specificity for natural carbonyl compounds differed. The major form irreversibly reduced 5 alpha- and 5 beta-dihydrotestosterones, menadione and lauryl aldehyde with low Km values of 10-70 microM, whereas the minor form not only reduced 17-oxosteroids, of which 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-androstan-17-one was the best substrate, but also oxidized 17-hydroxysteroids in the presence of NADP+. The two forms of carbonyl reductase also exhibited different sensitivity to heavy metal ions, dicoumarol, tetramethyleneglutaric acid, phenobarbitone and corticosteroids.
Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
Immunological identification of soluble carbonyl reductase with testosterone 17 beta-dehydrogenase (NADP+) in guinea pig liver and kidney.
Antiserum was produced against one of two carbonyl reductases purified from guinea pig liver cytosol to identify the enzymes as testosterone 17 beta-dehydrogenase isozymes. Immunoelectrophoresis and immunoprecipitation with the antiserum indicated that the two reductases had common antigenic sites. The antiserum inhibited most of both carbonyl reductase and testosterone 17 beta-dehydrogenase activities in the purified reductases and in cytosols of liver and kidney.
17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
Cerebral and visceral organ gangliosides and related glycolipids in gm1-gangliosidosis type 1, type 2 and chronic type.
Biochemical analyses of the samples of GM1-gangliosidosis Type 1, Type 2, and Chronic type at autopsy showed that GM1 and asialo-GM1 are markedly increased in the whole cerebral tissues of patients with Type 1 and Type 2, but mainly in the basal ganglia including caudate nucleus and putamen in the Chronic Type as already reported by Kobayashi and Suzuki in 1981. On the other hand, the finding that the Type 1 visceral organs contained unusual glycolipids rather than gangliosides was contrasted to those of Type 2 which seemed less abnormal. The unusual glycolipids included particularly fucolipid I and II consisting of glucose:galactose:N-acetylglucosamine:fucose (1:2:1:1) and (1:3:2:2), respectively. The chemical structure of oligosaccharide moiety of fucolipid I may be identical with Lacto-N-fucopentaose II or Lacto-N-fucopentaose III. The fucolipid II may be proposed to be Lacto-N-difucooctanose.
Brain Chemistry↗
Antinociceptive effects of neonatal capsaicin in rats with adjuvant arthritis.
Rats were treated with capsaicin (50 mg/kg, SC) either on the second day or on the second and third days of life. A significant attenuation of the responses to noxious stimuli was obtained in the capsaicin treated animals as measured by the hot-plate or paw pressure tests but not by the tail-flick test. Furthermore, neonatal capsaicin produced a significant reduction of response in the formalin test. Capsaicin reduced the reaction latency in rats with adjuvant arthritis as measured by the hot-plate and paw pressure tests, though capsaicin did not alter the overall time course of the response to Freund's adjuvant. Capsaicin also attenuated the weight loss or the decreased ambulatory and rearing behaviours which occurred in the control animals with adjuvant arthritis. It is suggested that neonatal treatment with capsaicin may relieve the responsiveness to long-lasting nociceptive stimuli by adjuvant in rats.
Analgesics↗
Changes in serum concentrations of steroid hormones, thyroxine, and vitellogenin during spawning migration the chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta.
Changes in serum concentrations of various steroid hormones (estradiol-17 beta, androgens, 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog], thyroxine, and vitellogenin during the spawning migration (from the coastal sea to the spawning ground) of male and female chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) were investigated. In females, estradiol-17 beta levels were high during the early phases of the migration (sea and prespawning period), but significantly decreased in fish at the time of the spawning period (oocyte maturation and ovulation). The changes in estradiol-17 beta levels coincided with those of of serum vitellogenin levels. High levels of androgens were observed throughout the sampling period. Serum 17 alpha, 20 beta-diOHprog levels were extremely low during the early phases of spawning migration, but elevated dramatically in mature or ovulating females. In males, serum concentrations of androgens were high during the early phases of the migration, but sharply declined around the time of the spawning period (spermiation). Similar to females during final maturation, the serum levels of 17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog in males rapidly increased during spermiation, although the magnitude of the elevation in males was smaller than in females. Serum thyroxine levels were highest both in females and males collected in the coastal sea, and the levels decreased during the spawning migration. These findings are discussed in relation to anadromous migration and sexual maturation of chum salmon.
Animals↗
Purification and characterization of a purple acid phosphatase from rat spleen.
An acid phosphatase species which is activated by Fe2+ was purified 3,700-fold from rat spleen by chromatography on columns containing Blue-Sepharose, concanavalin A-Sepharose, Sephadex G-100, and CM-Sephadex. The enzyme hydrolyzed aryl phosphates, nucleoside di- and triphosphates, phosphoproteins, and thiamine pyrophosphate with Km values of 10(-4) to 10(-3) M at an optimal pH of 5.0-5.8. Co-purification of the acid phosphatase and acid phosphoprotein phosphatase indicated that they were identical. The purified enzyme was glycoprotein in nature, showing four heterogeneous forms on acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (pI values, 7.8, 8.0, 8.3, and 8.5), but it gave a molecular weight of 33,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and gel permeation chromatography. The enzyme had a purple color (lambda max 545 nm) and contained 2 iron atoms per enzyme molecule. Among reductants, ascorbic acid and Fe2+ were the best activators, although their combined effect was not additive. Fe2+ and ascorbic acid both changed the purple enzyme into the same active form (lambda max 515 nm), giving almost the same kinetic constants for substrates and for inhibitors such as molybdate, phosphate and fluoride. However, low concentrations of Fe2+, from 0.01 mM to 1.0 mM, immediately and reversibly activated the enzyme, whereas high concentrations of ascorbic acid over 1 mM were required for maximal activation, which was slow and irreversible.
Acid Phosphatase↗
Hepatic glycosphingolipid abnormalities in a patient with GM1-gangliosidosis.
Glycosphingolipids from the liver, kidney, and spleen of a patient with type 1 II3-N-acetylneuraminosylgangliotetraosylceramide (GM1)-gangliosidosis were quantitatively analyzed. It was noted that large amounts of unusual glycosphingolipids other than GM1 ganglioside or gangliotetrasylceramide accumulated in the liver of the patient. Particularly, the prominent accumulation of III3-alpha-fucosylneolactotetraosylceramide, galactosylceramide I3-sulfate and cholesterol sulfate was observed in addition to a small but significant increase of galabiosylceramide and neolacto-or lactotetraosylceramide. None of these lipids except cholesterol sulfate can be detected in normal liver. None of the lipids accumulated in the liver can be the direct substrates for acid beta-galactosidase which is deficient in the patient. Thus, it was suggested that secondary effects due to the defect in acid beta-galactosidase might cause the abnormal accumulation of various lipids in the liver.
Cholesterol↗
[Purification and characterization of liver carbonyl reductase in the Japanese monkey].
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Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
High level of plasma inactive renin in Bartter's syndrome.
In 10 cases of Bartter's syndrome, plasma active and inactive renin (AR and IR) were measured by two different methods. First, plasma renin activity (PRA), and total renin activity (TRA) after activating IR with trypsin, were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) of angiotensin I (AI) generated from endogenous substrate. And secondly, plasma active renin concentration (ARC) and total renin concentration (TRC) were measured by RIA of AI generated in the presence of an excess of exogenous substrate. The difference between TRA and PRA, and between TRC and ARC were designated as inactive renin activity (IRA) and inactive renin concentration (IRC), respectively. Small amounts of IRA were found only in 2 cases and no IRA in 8 cases. However, the existence of large amounts of IR in Bartter's syndrome was revealed by the IRC determination. This suggests that the shortage of endogenous renin substrate, consumed by the markedly increased AR, may have interfered with the detection of IRA in Bartter's syndrome, though the IR is markedly increased as well. The molecular weights of AR and IR were determined by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration in 3 cases. Both AR and IR seemed to be smaller than those of normal subjects.
Adolescent↗
Angiotensin II analogue infusion test in renovascular hypertension under low sodium intake and under spironolactone administration: is angiotensin II analogue infusion test useful in determining the mode of treatment?
An angiotensin II antagonist (1-Sar, 8-Ileu-angiotensin II) was infused into 5 hypertensive patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis under 5-day low sodium diet (2 g NaCl/day) and under 7-day spironolactone administration (300 mg/day). In the sodium depleted state, 1 case showed depressor response, 2 cases pressor response and the other 2 no response. During the spironolactone administration, 3 cases showed depressor, 1 case pressor, and another case no response. Angiotensin II analogue (A II A) infusion test under spironolactone administration was more effective than under sodium depletion. However, there were cases which showed pressor response, i.e. false negative, under low sodium diet and under spironolactone administration. The hypertension of these patients was cured by converting enzyme inhibitor, percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) or bypass surgery. A II A infusion test has been used for screening, diagnosis and determination of the surgical repair of renovascular hypertension. However, the proportion of depressor response was low in our cases, yet pressor responders and non-responders were also cured by PTRA. PTRA is a painless and low risk procedure of the treatment of renovascular hypertension, so PTRA will become the preferential mode of therapy for the treatment of renovascular hypertension of the cases with no depressor response by AIIA infusion.
Adolescent↗
Successful treatment of the crisis of scleroderma with enalapril maleate (MK-421).
A 74-year-old man has been known to have scleroderma for 5 years. Two months before the hospitalization, his blood pressure was rapidly elevated, and progressive renal impairment and ulcerations of the fingers manifested. Then he was diagnosed to have a crisis of scleroderma. The treatment with a new long-acting angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril maleate (MK-421), normalized the blood pressure and protected the progress of renal impairment without side effects.
Aged↗
A case of 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency syndrome associated with right adrenal tumor.
A 35-year-old woman, who had been hypertensive for about 17 years and had lacked menarche, showed hypokalemia, low plasma cortisol and aldosterone levels, suppressed renin activity, and marked elevation of plasma corticosterone. The patient was diagnosed as having 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency from functional studies. In addition, a right adrenal tumor was found by adrenal venography. Adrenal venous sampling showed that this tumor might be secreting corticosterone and possibly also deoxycorticosterone (DOC). The genotype was 46,XY, so she was diagnosed as having male pseudohermaphroditism. Right adrenalectomy and contralateral adrenal biopsy were done. The retained testicles were removed. Dexamethasone administration normalized the blood pressure and serum potassium. This is the first report of 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency with a right adrenal tumor.
Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
Synchronous changes in active and inactive renin secretion after furosemide in patients with primary aldosteronism.
Changes in plasma active and inactive renin concentrations (ARC and IRC) were measured in 10 patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) due to adrenal adenomas. Before the resection of adrenal adenomas, venous blood samples were taken at supine resting state, after 1-hour standing and 30 min. after furosemide injection and these samplings were repeated after surgical treatment. Plasma inactive renin was measured after activation with trypsin. Before the treatment ARC and IRC did not change by standing or furosemide. After the treatment, however, ARC was increased clearly by standing or furosemide, and IRC was also increased by furosemide injection. Both ARC and IRC at supine resting state were increased after the surgery. When the renin-angiotensin system is suppressed chronically by the over-produced aldosterone in patients with PA, not only active but also inactive renin secretions are suppressed, and fail to respond to orthostasis or furosemide. The secretion of IR could be stimulated after the removal of aldosteronoma.
Adenoma↗
Studies on the active and inactive renin in renovascular hypertension.
Active and inactive plasma renin concentrations (ARC and IRC) from both renal veins and the femoral artery, and the molecular weight (MW) of active and inactive renin (AR and IR) from both renal veins were measured in 6 patients with renovascular hypertension due to unilateral renal artery stenosis. Venous ARC on the affected side was higher than that on the unaffected side and arterial ARC. In 4 patients ARC increased and IRC decreased after circulating through the stenotic kidney, while in the other 2 cases venous IRC on the stenotic side was higher than arterial IRC. The MW of AR on the stenotic and non-stenotic sides were 40000-48000 and 45000-48000, respectively, and those of IR varied from 45000-53000 and 48000-55000, respectively. These values seem to be smaller than those of normal subjects. The renin molecule may be small immediately after the release from the kidney and become larger in the circulation. In 3 cases, whose ARC increased and IRC decreased after passing through the stenotic kidney, AR and IR from the stenotic kidney were smaller than those from the non-stenotic kidney. Some mechanism of AR and IR molecule reduction may work in the stenotic kidney to activate IR.
Chromatography, Gel↗
[Main problems on the metabolism and function of phospholipids in the nervous system].
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Animals↗
Serum concentration and properties of alpha-fetoprotein and serum level of albumin in sucking piglets.
Porcine alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was purified from the sera of four-day-old piglets using an immunoadsorbent column. The molecular weight of the AFP was 80,000 when determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and 75,000 when determined by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric point of the AFP was pH 4.85 at 0 degree C. The maximum concentration of serum AFP was reached on the fourth day after birth (mean value 1.1 mg ml-1), and it then decreased to 10 micrograms ml-1 when the piglets were 35 days old. The concentration of serum albumin increased rapidly between birth and seven days old, reaching 16 to 17 mg ml-1 at seven days old. Between birth and seven days old, the serum concentrations of AFP and albumin were approximately inversely proportional.
Animals↗
[Alteration of lymphocyte surface markers in patients with hemophilia].
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Adolescent↗