Biomedical subjects

A Hamal

Publications and source records attributed to A Hamal.

8 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2001

[Competitiveness of hard wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) varieties against ripgut brome (Bromus rigidus Roth)].

Varieties with an excellent competitiveness against ripgut brome (Bromus rigidus Roth.) would be very important to reinforce others methods to control ripgut brome weed. This study was carried out in 1999-2000 season in a greenhouse experiment to test the aggressiveness degree of six varieties of hard wheat (Oum Rabia, Isly, Marzak, Karim, Sebou, and Massa) combined with ripgut brome. Plant density was fixed at 16 plants of wheat or Bromus for pure crop and 8 plants for wheat and 8 for Bromus mixture. The results showed that the numbers of kernels/spikes were higher in the mixture for on pure composition. For the kernel weight, the result was opposite except for Isly and Marzak varieties. Karim and Isly varieties obtained the highest grain yield and were more competitive in mixture composition but Sebou and Massa varieties were less competitive against ripgut brome. Results of ripgut brome productivity and water use efficiency were similar and were used to determine the aggressiveness coefficient of hard wheat varieties against ripgut brome. The reduction of the shoot dry matter of brome was 22 to 56% at flowering. The grain yield of brome was reduced from 57 to 81%.

Bromus↗

PubMed2001

[Evaluation of the seed stock and dynamics of ripgut brome (Bromus rigidus Roth) in the cultivation of wheat in the Sais area of Morocco].

The study was conducted on experimental plots differing in cultivation treatment (deep or shallow) at the National School of Agricultural station for three years. The objective was to study the influence of the tillage practices on vertical distribution of the seeds of ripgut brome (Bromus rigidus Roth) in the soil profile. Four tillage methods were tested: Zero tillage (SD), disc plough (PDL) and a disc harrow at two depths, 20 cm (CDM) and 30 cm (CDP). The results show that the type of cultivation affected the distribution of the seeds of ripgut brome. Shallow plots were highly infested by Bromus rigidus (876 plant/m2). The total number of seeds of ripgut brome was 96 and 45% in 0-4 cm of the soil, 3 and 29% in 4-15 cm and 1 and 26% in 15-30 cm, respectively of the deep (CDP) and shallow soil (SD). Deep tillage reduced the seed bank of ripgut brome by 96.6% and 66.7% for shallow. Seeds of ripgut brome survive more than three years at the deep soil. Processes of germination of this weed became functional after 98 days in the soil. The disc plough reduced significantly the brome population and seed bank compared to other tillage methods.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2001

[Cartography and geographical spread of the adventitious species of brome (Bromus spp.) among cereals in the Sais area of Morocco].

Bromus spp is causing serious problems in wheat in the Sais area. However, the damage of this weed varies from one region to another according to the agro-climatic conditions and crop systems. The characterization of the infestation level in each situation is a prerequisite to develop a control strategy adapted to each environment. This study was undertaken in order to determine the infestation level and geographical spread of the weedy brome (Bromus spp) on wheat in Sais following crop systems and pedo-climatic conditions. The results obtained during two consecutive years (1998-99 and 1999-2000) revealed that ripgut brome (Bromus rigidus Roth.) was the most dominant species in wheat fields in the surveyed regions, followed by B. rubens L., B. sterilis L., B. madritensis L. and B. mollus L. Among, 18 regions and 100 infested wheat fields, 16.67% of fields were slightly infested (Plant density of Bromus (Dbr < 90 plants/m2, 61.11% were moderately infested (90 < Dbr < 290 plants/m2) and 22.22% were highly infested (Dbr > 400 plants/m2). The maximum relative frequency was obtained with Bromus rigidus (47.15%) and the coverage was 40.43%. But, for B.rubens, B. madritensis and B. sterilis, the relative frequencies were respectively 31.42; 26 and 15% and their coverages were respectively 28.9, 20.4 and 12.5%.

Bromus↗

PubMed1999

Plant MAP kinase kinase kinases structure, classification and evolution.

The increasing number of reports describing plant MAP kinase signalling components reflects the cardinal role that MAP kinase pathways are likely to play during plant growth and development. Relationship and structural analyses of plant MAP kinase kinase kinase related cDNAs and genes established, on one hand, the PMEKKs, which may be distinguished into the alpha, beta, gamma, and zeta groups, and, on the other hand, the PRAFs that consist of the delta, eta and theta groups. Plant MAP3Ks are characterized by different primary structures, but conserved within a single group. A relationship analysis, which included animal, fungal and plant MAP3Ks, revealed a high degree of diversity among this biochemically established set of proteins, thus suggesting a range of biological functions. Four major families emerged, namely the MEKK/STE11, including the PMEKKs, the RAF, including the PRAFs, as well as the MLK and CDC7 families. These four families showed phylum-dependent distributions. Signature sequences characterizing the RAF family and the RAF subfamilies have been evidenced. However, no equivalent sequence motifs were identified for the MEKK/STE11 family, which is highly heterogeneous.

Evolution, Molecular↗

PubMed1999

Characterisation of novel plant genes encoding MEKK/STE11 and RAF-related protein kinases.

Various elements of the MAP kinase module have been isolated in plants. We describe here the characterisation of 14 new plant cDNAs and genes encoding putative MAP kinase kinase kinases (MAP3Ks) related to the MEKK/STE11 and RAF protein kinases. Plant MAP3Ks are characterised by a variety of primary structures conserved within closely related proteins. Southern blot analysis suggests that plant MAP3Ks are heterogenous in their genomic structure, existing either as single copy genes or as small gene families. An RT-PCR analysis showed that in Arabidopsis thaliana, all organs studied contain detectable levels of transcripts of each of the MAP3K genes identified; however, signals obtained with mature pollen were weak or non-existent except for AtMAP3Kgamma. None of the reported genes share a cell-cycle or a cold stress regulated expression.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1999

Molecular characterisation of plant cDNAs BnMAP4Kalpha1 and BnMAP4Kalpha2 belonging to the GCK/SPS1 subfamily of MAP kinase kinase kinase kinase.

Several yeast and mammal MAP kinase modules require, upstream of their MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), a MAP3K kinase (MAP4K). An Arabidopsis thaliana EST clone, sharing identity to MAP4Ks from yeast and mammals, has been used to isolate cDNA clones from a Brassica napus microspore-derived embryo cDNA library. The BnMAP4Kalpha1 and BnMAP4K-alpha2 clones encode putative proteins possessing the 12 subdomains of the serine/threonine protein kinase catalytic domain. A detailed analysis showed that they belong to the GCK/SPS1 subfamily of MAP4K proteins which possess an amino terminal catalytic domain and a long carboxy terminal tail. A Southern blot analysis suggested that the two proteins are encoded by a small multigene family. Expression studies revealed the presence of BnMAP4Kalpha1 and -alpha2 transcripts in all the tissues examined; however, they are most abundant in roots, siliques and flower buds. The expression of BnMAP4Kalpha1 and -alpha2 at the three main developmental stages of microspore-derived embryos (i.e., globular/heart, torpedo and cotyledonary) was confirmed by northern blot and RT-PCR analysis. An expression analysis of the above genes using synchronised Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspensions showed that the homologues genes are cell cycle regulated.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1990

Purification and characterization of a DNA polymerase from the archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum.

A thermophilic DNA polymerase has been purified to near homogeneity from the archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum. Analysis of the purified enzyme by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis revealed a single polypeptide of 88 kDa which co-sediments with the DNA polymerase activity on sucrose gradients. Combination of sedimentation and gel filtration analyses indicates that this DNA polymerase is an 88-kDa monomeric enzyme in its native form. The DNA polymerase is resistant to aphidicolin, slightly sensitive to 2',3'-dideoxyribosylthymine triphosphate and inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide when preincubation with this reagent is performed at 65 degrees C. We find that a 3'----5' exonuclease activity is associated with the purified DNA polymerase; the two activities of the enzyme are optimal at 65 degrees C but the exonuclease activity is active in a broader range of lower temperatures and is more thermostable than the DNA polymerase activity.

Archaea↗

PubMed1989

Studies on DNA polymerases and topoisomerases in archaebacteria.

We have isolated DNA polymerases and topoisomerases from two thermoacidophilic archaebacteria: Sulfolobus acidocaldarius and Thermoplasma acidophilum. The DNA polymerases are composed of a single polypeptide with molecular masses of 100 and 85 kDa, respectively. Antibodies against Sulfolobus DNA polymerase did not cross react with Thermoplasma DNA polymerase. Whereas the major DNA topoisomerase activity in S. acidocaldarius is an ATP-dependent type I DNA topoisomerase with a reverse gyrase activity, the major DNA topoisomerase activity in T. acidophilum is a ATP-independent relaxing activity. Both enzymes resemble more the eubacterial than the eukaryotic type I DNA topoisomerase. We have found that small plasmids from halobacteria are negatively supercoiled and that DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors modify their topology. This suggests the existence of an archaebacterial type II DNA topoisomerase related to its eubacterial and eukaryotic counterparts. As in eubacteria, novobiocin induces positive supercoiling of halobacterial plasmids, indicating the absence of a eukaryotic-like type I DNA topoisomerase that relaxes positive superturns.

Archaea↗