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Biomedical subjects

A Hailey

Publications and source records attributed to A Hailey.

8 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Effects of spraying the herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on a population of the tortoise Testudo hermanni in southern Greece.

A population of the tortoise Testudo hermanni near Olympia in southern Greece was studied by mark-recapture from 1975 to 1984. Part of the site was sprayed with the herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) each year from 1980, producing symptoms of poisoning (swollen eyes, fluid discharge from the nose and immobility) in tortoises. Survival rates of tortoises 10 cm or larger were significantly lower in the affected areas, with extra mortality of about 34% year-1, against an annual survival rate of 0.85-0.90 in unaffected areas. Changing population structures showed that juveniles were even more strongly affected, with the proportion of juveniles in samples decreased by half. The population in the sprayed area declined to near zero by 1984, due to mortality rather than to emigration, since more movements were recorded into than out of the affected area. There was no difference in body mass condition between sprayed and unsprayed areas, showing that effects were acute; mortality was not due to starvation from loss of food plants. The scale and pattern of mortality was similar to that from a severe scrub fire; spraying is potentially more catastrophic since often repeated at shorter intervals than burning. Possible physiological mechanisms of death are discussed. The susceptibility of tortoises to 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T (or to associated dioxin impurities) presents a warning for conservation of these late-maturing animals.

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed1999

Effects of pretreatment with cisatracurium, rocuronium, and d-tubocurarine on succinylcholine-induced fasciculations and myalgia: a comparison with placebo.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of cisatracurium, rocuronium, and d-tubocurarine in preventing succinylcholine-induced fasciculations and postoperative myalgia in patients undergoing ambulatory surgery. DESIGN: Randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled trial SETTING: Teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: 80 ASA physical status I and II patients scheduled for elective ambulatory surgery with general anesthesia. INTERVENTION: A standardized balanced anesthetic technique was used for all patients. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients were randomized to receive cisatracurium 0.01 mg/kg, rocuronium 0.06 mg/kg, d-tubocurarine 0.05 mg/kg, or saline, 3 minutes prior to intravenous (i.v.) succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg. The intensity of fasciculations and intubating conditions were assessed using a four-point rating scale. In addition, the severity of myalgia was assessed using a four-point rating scale in the postanesthesia care unit and at 24 hours postoperatively. No patient complained of any side effects after the administration of the study drug. Fasciculations were observed less frequently (p < 0.05) in the d-tubocurarine and rocuronium groups compared with the placebo and cisatracurium groups. However, there was no difference between the d-tubocurarine group and the rocuronium group (21% vs. 10%, respectively). Although fasciculations occurred less frequently in the cisatracurium group than in the placebo group (59% vs. 85%, respectively), this difference did not reach statistical significance. There was no difference among the four groups in the intubating conditions or the incidence of postoperative myalgia. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with rocuronium and d-tubocurarine was superior to cisatracurium in preventing succinylcholine-induced fasciculations. However, pretreatment did not have any effect on the incidence of myalgia after ambulatory surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The effects of antagonizing residual neuromuscular blockade by neostigmine and glycopyrrolate on nausea and vomiting after ambulatory surgery.

UNLABELLED: The effects of neostigmine on the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are controversial. In this study, we evaluated the effects of neostigmine and glycopyrrolate on the incidence of PONV and the need for antiemetics in patients undergoing ambulatory surgery. One hundred healthy patients undergoing outpatient surgical procedures were included in the study. A standardized anesthetic technique was used for all patients. Patients were randomized to receive either mivacurium (n = 50) or rocuronium (n = 50) to achieve muscle paralysis. Bolus doses of mivacurium 2-4 mg or rocuronium 5-10 mg were administered to maintain one or two twitches of the train-of-four stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist. After surgery, residual neuromuscular blockade was reversed with neostigmine 2.5 mg i.v. and glycopyrrolate 0.5 mg i.v. only if clinically deemed necessary (i.e., fade on train-of-four stimulation, inadequate tidal volume, reduced hand grip, or inability to maintain head lift). The incidence of PONV and the need for antiemetics were recorded in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), in the phase II unit, and 24 h after surgery. We compared patients who received neostigmine (n = 40) for reversal of residual neuromuscular blockade with those who did not (n = 60). More patients receiving rocuronium required reversal drugs than those receiving mivacurium (68% vs 10%). There were no differences in the incidence of nausea (18% vs 15%), vomiting (8% vs 12%), and the need for antiemetics (13% in both the groups) in the PACU between patients who received neostigmine and those who did not. In addition, the duration of PACU stay and the time to home-readiness were also similar between the groups. We conclude that, compared with rocuronium, the use of mivacurium decreases the need for reversal drugs. In addition, reversal of residual neuromuscular blockade with neostigmine does not increase the incidence of PONV or the need for antiemetic medications in patients undergoing ambulatory surgery. IMPLICATIONS: In this study, we showed that the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting and the need for antiemetics do not increase with the use of neostigmine and glycopyrrolate for reversal of residual muscle paralysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

An in vitro brainstem preparation preserving peripheral auditory function.

We describe an in vitro preparation of the brainstem and auditory periphery of the turtle. Properties of cochlear nucleus units recorded from this preparation are consistent with studies of both behavioural responses and auditory nerve fibre activity. A modified preparation for in vitro HRP tracing is also described.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1985

Activity metabolism of the lizard Agama stellio stellio.

Oxygen consumption and lactate production above resting levels, and selected body temperatures, were measured in the lizard Agama stellio. Active and resting VO2 have low Q10 (1.7, 2.0) in the activity range 30-37 degrees C and higher Q10 (3.8, 4.0) below this. A correlation was found between published resting and active VO2 of lizards, and between VO2 and lifestyle. Four types were recognized, in order of increasing VO2: (a) fossorial; (b) sit-and-wait (including A. stellio); (c) cruising, and (d) widely foraging. A. stellio has a high capacity for lactate production, correlated with its short but rapid bursts of activity. This accounts for 80-90% of the energy used during 30 sec maximal activity.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1976

The influence of childbirth on psychiatric morbidity.

The Camberwell Psychiatric Register was searched for contacts by the 2257 women resident in the register catchment area who were known to have had a child in 1970. Of these, 99 women (and 39 of their husbands) were found to have had a 'new episode' of psychiatric illness in the two years before or the two years after the birth of their child. The distribution of these 'new episodes' relative to the time of childbirth was then studied. In the women, both functional psychoses and depressive illnesses showed a sharp rise in the new episode rate in the three months immediately after delivery. There was also a suggestion of a secondary rise, less dramatic but more sustained, from the 10th to the 24th month after delivery. There was no comparable rise in the husbands. Women whose children were illegitimate had high new episode rates throughout the four-year study period, but not particularly so in the puerperium itself.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The specific dynamic action of the omnivorous tortoise Kinixys spekii in relation to diet, feeding pattern, and gut passage.

The peak of the elevated oxygen consumption following feeding may be preabsorptive in some reptiles, possibly because of the up-regulation of gut function. The question of whether up-regulation has a substantial net cost and accounts for a large part of the cost of the specific dynamic action can be resolved by comparing the response to single and repeated meals. Oxygen consumption of the omnivorous tortoise Kinixys spekii was elevated for 3-4 d after a single meal, and the peak occurred while most food was still in the stomach. The cost of the specific dynamic action varied between diets, being 16%, 21%, and 30% of the energy absorbed from fungi, leaves, and millipedes, respectively, but was about 0.8 L O2 g-1 absorbed protein for all diets. The specific dynamic action doubled during continuous feeding on leaves and then accounted for 42% of the absorbed energy. The increase after repeated feeding shows that up-regulation of gut function can contribute little to the energy cost of the specific dynamic action in K. spekii; otherwise the cost would fall in subsequent meals.

Animals↗