By galacto-biopsy we understand the expression of a suspected intraductal papilloma by firm palpation as part of preparation for galactography. Using galacto-biopsy the accuracy of galactography in the diagnoses of intraduct papillomas was increased to 95%.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Mammography in the diagnosis and treatment of non-puerperal mastitis (author's transl)].

Circumscribed or diffuse non-puerperal mastitis is usually associated with local signs of inflammation. In two-thirds of these cases it is possible to demonstrate the radiological features of mastitis. Mammography is an important diagnostic procedure in the demonstration of acute mastitis and its differentiation from an inflammatory carcinoma; it is also valuable in the control of treatment. The success of intensive antibiotic therapy with recovery of normal appearances in the chest can be observed objectively by mammography. In distinguishing mastitis from an inflammatory carcinoma, radiological evidence of regression under the influence of antibiotics is evidence in favour of mastitis.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Gynaecomastia and mammography (author's transl)].

The term gynaecomastia indicates an increase in the mass of the normally rudimentary male breast; morphologically there is hyperplasia and differentiation of the epithelial and mesenchymal breast components. Gynaecomastia is not a disease in itself, but a symptom of some underlying disease or the result of drugs. Of 2895 breast operations performed at the surgical clinic of the University of Göttingen, 2.97% were operations on men with gynaecomastia. Amongst 79222 mammograms in the Radiological Clinic of the University, there were 900 mammograms (1.14%) of 392 men with gynaecomastia. Most benign and malignant conditions in men are retromammary in localisation. For this reason clinical evaluation is frequently wrong. The use of mammography as an additional diagnostic method in men is therefore more important than it is in women. Systematic analysis of the mammograms performed on men has made possible a classification of gynaecomastia according to the radiological appearances: I Septal linear structures (8.5%), II Opacities of varying density and size (26.5%), III Circular, usually inhomogenous shadows (15.5%), IV Homogeneous, demarcated foci of varying size (35.5%), V Soft-tissue hyperplasia-pseudo-gynaecomastia (10%).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

[Differential diagnosis of the retromammary region in the mammogram].

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Abscess↗

PubMed1979

[Differential diagnosis of gynaecomastia in the mammogram (author's transl)].

The purely clinical examination of swelling in the region of the male mammary gland involves a high error quota and must, therefore, be supplemented by other methods. Mammography has proved to be a reliable diagnostic method in the differential diagnosis of diseases of the mammary gland in the male; this method is of great importance in a positive sense as well. Gynaecomastia, with its typical criteria, must first of all be excluded. This enables the doctor to differentiate between various forms of gynaecomastia and to classify them into a kind of scheme. In all patients over 25 years of age, a carcinoma must be suspected particularly in case of a unilateral finding.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

[Lymphography gets into agony, a discussion comment].

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Humans↗

PubMed1978

[Frequency, clinical and radiological symptomatology and therapy of the arm oedema combined with mastocarcinoma (author's transl)].

In comparison with the first statistics published in Goettingen 10 years ago the frequency of the arm oedema has increased from 33,5 to 45,3%. Most arm oedemas appear within the first observation year after the operation or irradiation. Severe arm oedemas appearing immediately after the operation or irradiation as well as at a later date after a prolonged interval without any troubles are generally combined with a lymphogenic formation of metastases. A comparison of the two periods shows a significant difference of degrees within the observed groups. During the first observation period from 1950 to 1962, the frequency of the severe oedema is 6% higher than during the observation period of 1963 to 1975.

Arm↗

PubMed1977

[The indications for lymphography in urology with special reference to carcinoma of the penis (author's transl)].

Lymphograms have been performed on 775 urological patients. Our experience indicates a scheme for lymphography in this particular speciality. According to this, carcinomas of the bladder and kidney are a relative indication for lymphography, whereas carcinomas of the scrotum, penis and prostate present an absolute indication. Fiftyseven lymphograms have been performed on 52 patients with carcinoma of the penis. In one patient the examination was carried out twice in one year, in another, three times and a third patient had three lymphograms over a period of six years. Most patients were aged 60 to 69 years, average age 61.48 years. Agreement between the histological and lymphographic findings was observed in 26 out of 34 patients treated surgically (76.5%).

Aged↗

PubMed1977

[Mammography and age (author's transl)].

Following Egan (2), Gros et al. (8,9), Ingleby and Gershon-Cohen (11) and Witten (18) the appearances of mammograms were divided into four groups: I. Dense, II. Atrophic, III. Shrunken-fibrous and IV. Cotton-wool, diffuse. In young women up to the age of 30 a dense structure is the most common (74.8%). On the basis of available statistics, the use of mammography for routine detection of carcinoma of the breast cannot be justified in women under the age of 30; not only is this condition very rare at this age, but proper evaluation of the relevant signs is only possible in one woman in four because of the structure of the breast. On the other hand, if there is any suspicion of the presence of a carcinoma, then mammography should be carried out and additional forms of examination, such as thermography and xerography, should not be neglected.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

[The diagnostic value of mammography during pregnancy and lactation (the radiological features of the breast during pregnancy) (author's transl)].

During early and late pregnancy and lactation, there is an increase in the size of the breasts, with increased density of their structure. The moderately dense parenchyma in young women is characterised by a) wavy contours of the subcutaneous zone and b) linear or oval translucencies in the central parenchyma. Our investigations indicate that it usually takes three months after delivery before the breast structure returns to normal and one is able to interpret the mammogram satisfactorily. For this reason mammography should be avoided during these three months and if there is a suspicion of disease in the breast, a biopsy should be carried out immediately.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

[Life expectancy in penile carcinoma (statistical evaluation of 150 penile carcinomas in the period 1912-1970)].

In the period 1912-1970 in the Göttingen area, 150 patients suffering from penis carcinoma were investigated and/or treated. With regard to method of treatment, three periods can be distinguished: 1912-1930, 1931-1948, and 1949-1970. During the first period, treatment was chiefly radiotherapy, in the second chiefly surgery, and in the third combined radiotherapy and surgery. Independent of the type of therapy and period of observation, the 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were 52.5%, 46.7%, and 31.4%, respectively. The greatest life expectancy was that following combined surgical and high-voltage therapy. The importance of lymphography is emphasized.

Adult↗