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Biomedical subjects

A Grayson

Publications and source records attributed to A Grayson.

6 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Using tests of false belief with children with autism: how valid and reliable are they?

Twenty-two children with autism were given four tests of false belief understanding: the Sally-Anne task, two variants of the deceptive box task, and the three boxes task. The overall consistency of the children's performance was high, 77 percent of the participants either passing or failing all of the tasks. The convergent validity (across-task consistency) of the deceptive box and the three boxes paradigms was high, and the convergent validity of the three boxes and Sally-Anne tasks was also acceptable. However, a weaker level of convergent validity was found for the deceptive box and Sally-Anne tasks, suggesting that these paradigms test slightly different aspects of cognition. The reliability (within-child consistency) of the children's performances across two versions of the deceptive box task was high. These findings are discussed in terms of their practical implications for practitioners and researchers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Can't or won't? Evidence relating to authorship in facilitated communication.

Most experimental evaluations of Facilitated Communication (FC) provide no evidence that this technique is valid. Important as they are, controlled test-based studies have characteristically not done justice to the complexity of the issues which surround FC. This paper summarises a long term evaluation project involving various forms of data collection. In this study too, controlled testing has shown very little evidence for the validity of the technique. In contrast, other sources of data, including records of naturally occurring message passing and intensive video analysis have provided evidence that the communication skills of some FC users have been enhanced. An overview of the project is presented, and discussed in relation to the blurring of findings (observations of behaviour) and inferences (judgements of communicative competence) in the extant literature.

Communication Disorders↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of facilitated communication.

Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of Facilitated Communication (FC). A wide variety of sources of data have been examined and consistent behaviour found within FC interactions. There are indications that changes in behaviour of both people resulted at least in part from the use of FC.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Functional alterations in pulpal microcirculation in response to various dental procedures and materials.

Using the quantitative 15 microns microsphere injection method, the effects of several restorative procedures on pulpal microcirculation in dog canine teeth were investigated. Pulpal blood flow (PBF) decreased steadily as the remaining dentin thickness (RD) became smaller with crown preparation without water spray. One hour after the preparation wit 1/3 RD (approximately 1 mm) PBF was reduced to 10% of the control, indicating that dry deep preparation has a deleterious effect on PBF. A careful preparation to an RD of 1 mm under copious water spray had a negligible effect on PBF. Dry preparation to an RD of more than 50%, on the other hand, caused a significant increase in blood flow through shunt vessels, AVAs and "U"-turn loops as determined with the 9 microns and 15 microns microspheres. These shunt vessel activities were especially prominent in the apical portion of the pulp, suggesting that the activation of the shunt vessels may be one of the compensatory mechanisms of the pulp in response to inflammation. In rat incisor teeth observed by intravital microscope, shunt vessels opened up as the incisor tips were drilled. Impression procedures after tooth preparation with water spray using the copper band with wax caused severe flow fluctuation as compared to rubber base material impression. In anesthetics, the use of epinephrine was found to be the single most important factor affecting pulp circulation. Whether it is by infiltration or mandibular block, the use of epinephrine containing anesthetic caused a severe reduction in PBF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗