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Biomedical subjects

A Goudeau

Publications and source records attributed to A Goudeau.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Direct appraisal of latex agglutination testing, a convenient alternative to enzyme immunoassay for the detection of rotavirus in childhood gastroenteritis, by comparison of two enzyme immunoassays and two latex tests.

During February and March 1984, 207 fecal samples from infants and children with gastroenteritis were tested for rotavirus with four techniques: two enzyme immunoassays (Rotazyme; Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill., and Enzygnost-Rotavirus; Calbiochem-Behring, La Jolla, Calif.) and two latex agglutination tests (Rotalex; Orion Research, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., and Slidex Rota-Kit; Biomérieux). All stool samples were also tested for yeasts and bacterial pathogens. Electron microscopy was used to investigate discrepant results. We found 47% positive samples with Enzygnost-Rotavirus, 38% with Rotazyme, 37% with Slidex Rota-Kit, and 34% with Rotalex. No specimen was found positive by Rotazyme only or Slidex Rota-Kit only. On the contrary, 12 samples which were positive with Enzygnost-Rotavirus only and 3 which were positive with Rotalex only were not confirmed as positive by electron microscopy. Both enzyme immunoassays gave 6% equivocal results; Slidex Rota-Kit gave significantly fewer equivocal results than did Rotalex: 2.9% versus 9.7% (P less than 0.01). The sensitivity and specificity of latex tests compared favorably with that of enzyme immunoassays. Latex agglutination tests can be performed by unskilled personnel and are rapid and relatively cheap. They appear to be very suitable for routine laboratory work and may prove useful for large-scale screening in developing countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Combined passive and active immunization for interruption of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in Taiwan.

We attempted a clinical trial to interrupt transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection from hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and hepatitis Be antigen (HBsAg) positive mothers to their infants in Taiwan. Screening of 5,595 pregnant women revealed that 856 (15.3%) were HBsAg positive. Three hundred and sixty-one (42.2%) of the HBsAg positive pregnant women were HBeAg positive. Infants born to HBsAg and HBeAg positive mothers were randomized into 3 groups to receive the HBV vaccine alone or combined with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG). HGV vaccine was given at 2, 6, and 10 weeks after birth. Group I received HBV vaccine alone while Group II received HBV vaccine in combination with HBIG at birth and group III received HBV vaccine plus HBIG at birth and again at one month old. Group IV constituted the control group when their parents refused vaccination. At 6 months of age, the HBV carrier rate was 23.7% (9/38) in Group I, 11.1% (4/36) in Group II, and 5.3% (2/38) in Group III infants. Compared with 90% of infants who became HBV carriers in the control group (Group IV), the efficacy of HBV vaccination in preventing HBV infection among these high risk infants at the 6th month was 73.7% in Group I, 87.7% in Group II, and 94.1% in Group III. The antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) positivity rate in sera of Group I, II, III infants at 6 months of age was 79.0%, 88.9% and 94.7%, respectively. These initial results indicate that combined passive and active immunization is efficacious in interrupting perinatal transmission of HBV infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Evaluation of a new latex test for detecting human rotaviruses in feces].

We have sought the presence of rotavirus in 237 fecal samples. Three techniques were applied to each sample: ELISA, latex agglutination (LTX) with two reagents (Rotalex and SlidexRotaKit), and electron microscopy after negative staining. The specificity of ELISA and LTX is very good (more than 93.4 per cent), the sensitivity is decreasing from ELISA to SlidexRotaKit and Rotalex (respectively 83.6-74.5 and 67.3 per cent). The advantages of LTX include rapidity, simplicity, low cost price.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Multiplication of hepatitis B virus in fulminant hepatitis B.

The presence in serum of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and hepatitis B virus DNA, which are each regarded as reflecting multiplication of hepatitis B virus, were looked for one to five days after the onset of hepatic encephalopathy in 64 patients with fulminant hepatitis B. HBeAg and hepatitis B virus DNA were found in the serum of only 24 (37%) and six (9%) patients, respectively. Hepatitis B virus DNA was absent from the serum in all 13 patients positive for anti-HBs. These findings indicate that replication of hepatitis B virus stopped after the onset of hepatic encephalopathy in most of the patients and support the view that an enhanced immune response stops the replication. Agents that inhibit viral multiplication would probably not have any effect at this stage of the disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

[Acute encephalitis in zoster infection].

A case of herpes zoster acute meningo-encephalitis is reported. It is characterized by a profuse intra-cerebral hemorrhage on CT scan and a favorable outcome after treatment with acyclovir. The serological basis for the diagnosis, the mechanism of the encephalitis (viral invasion or immuno-allergic type of reaction), and the origin of the hemorrhagic lesion are discussed. The effectiveness of acyclovir in treating the extention of the infection to the nervous system in patients suffering from varicella-zoster is also discussed.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed1983

Lack of anti-HBc IgM in neonates with HBsAg carrier mothers argues against transplacental transmission of hepatitis B virus infection.

Transplacental transmission of hepatitis B virus infection was studied in 51 Senegalese neonates born to mothers who were chronic carriers of HBsAg. 13 mothers were positive for both HBsAg and HBeAg. Mother-to-infant transmission of these two markers was different with 3 children being HBsAg positive and HBeAg negative at birth and 6 being HBsAg negative but HBeAg positive. At birth none of the 51 children had anti-HBc IgM detected by a highly specific enzyme immunoassay, indicating that none had had a primary immune response in utero to HBV infection. These HBV serum markers in newborn infants indicate contamination by maternal blood at delivery rather than active infection in utero. Prophylaxis at birth is advisable in children of mothers who are chronic carriers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Hepatitis B vaccine: further studies in children with previously acquired hepatitis B surface antigenemia.

Three doses of inactivated hepatitis B vaccine were given at 1-month intervals to 31 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive Senegalese children aged between 3 and 24 months. A control group of 18 HBsAg-positive Senegalese children received diphtheria-tetanus-polio vaccine. Immunization of HBsAg-positive infants with hepatitis B vaccine was safe but inefficient. After a 12-month follow-up, the prevalence of HBsAg chronic carriers was not significantly reduced in the hepatitis B vaccine group as compared with the control group: 48.4 and 66.7%, respectively. The presence of hepatitis B antigen was found to be a major risk factor for HBsAg-positive children to develop a chronic carrier state. The risk of developing an HBsAg chronic carrier state was also related to advancing age at time of enrollment in the study.

Carrier State↗
PubMed1983

Hepatitis B vaccine: simultaneous passive and active immunization. Indications in pre- and post-exposure.

An alum bivalent hepatitis B vaccine (HB vaccine) containing 5 micrograms/dose of formalin-inactivated and purified HBsAg has been used for active immunization of dialysis patients since the fall of 1975. Elderly patients had a weak and delayed response to three injections of HB vaccine. They were thus at risk of being infected by HBV before the completion of immunization. To prevent these early infections a four-way passive-active immunization trial was undertaken. Patients received three or four injections of HB vaccine in combination with one or two injections of hyper-immune anti-HBs globulin (HBIG). Results show that passive anti-HBs did not impair the immune response to the vaccine. Moreover, immediate administration of HBIG upon entry in the dialysis centre significantly reduced early-acquired chronic HBs antigenaemia as compared to a group of patients receiving the HB vaccine alone. Passive-active immunization can also be used for post-exposure prophylaxis after accidental inoculation of HBsAg blood (needle-stick) or for the prevention of mother-infant transmission of HBV in children born to HBsAg/HBeAg positive mothers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Hepatitis B vaccine: clinical trials in high-risk settings in France. (September 1975-September 1982).

An alum bivalent hepatitis B vaccine containing 5 micrograms/dose of formalin-inactivated and purified HBsAg has been prepared from plasma of HBeAg negative donors. Safety of the product has been controlled by compulsory testing of each batch in susceptible chimpanzees. This vaccine (HB vaccine) was used for the prophylaxis of Hepatitis B in hospital staff working in high-risk settings and patients undergoing periodic dialysis since the Autumn of 1975. Tolerance to the HB vaccine was excellent both in staff and patients as assessed by a nation-side survey on a thousand vaccinees. More than 96% of the staff developed protective levels of anti-HBs after three injections of vaccine given at one month intervals and became fully immune from HBV infection. A booster injection given at one year stimulated an anamnestic rise of anti-HBs sufficient to ensure protective levels of antibody for at least five years post-booster. The response of renal patients varied according to the age of recipients: young patients responded equally as well as the healthy staff, while patients over the sixth decade had a lower and delayed response. Because of that, a fourth injection of HB vaccine was advocated in elderly patients. Dialysis patients who developed anti-HBs either after three or four injections were fully protected against chronic HBV infections. Anti-HBs positive donors who had received a single booster injection of HB vaccine and vaccinees who had received their 12 months booster were both found to be an adequate source of high-titre anti-HBs plasma for preparing hyperimmune anti-HBs globulin. The HB vaccine which is manufactured by Institut Pasteur Production under the name HEVAC B degrees is now used world-wide for the prophylaxis of hospital acquired infection in developed countries and for the prevention of maternal-infant transmission in the endemic countries of Asia and Africa.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in children born to HBsAg positive/HBeAg positive mothers. Preliminary results of active and passive-active immunization.

In Taiwan the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) carrier rate is 15% to 20%. Mother infant transmission plays the most important role in the endemy resulting in 20% of the children being HBsAg carrier at 4 years of age. A large proportion of HBV carriers will develop a chronic hepatitis leading to cirrhosis and ultimately to primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Children born to HBsAg +/HBeAg + mothers (7% of neonates) have an estimated risk of 90% to become HBsAg chronic carriers. A plan for control of Hepatitis B in Taiwan will aim to solve the problem of these children, as a priority. A Hepatitis B vaccine trial has been undertaken in Taiwan since October 1981 in a selected population of children born to HBsAg +/HBeAg + mothers. The purpose of the study was to determine the efficacy of Hepatitis B vaccine alone or in combination with Hepatitis B immunoglobulin in preventing maternal infant transmission of HBV infection. A three way prophylactic regimen comparison was carried out. Subjects consisted of children born to HBsAg +/HBeAg + mothers. Only mature and apparently healthy neonates were included with the parents' formal consent based on real knowledge and understanding. Babies were randomly included in four different groups of study.

Female↗
PubMed1983

Further studies on production and characterization of HBsAg derived from a human hepatoma cell line (PLC/PRF/5).

Four aspects for the use of PLC/PRF/5 cell line as an alternative source of HBsAg for hepatitis B vaccine production were assayed in this study: improvement in HBsAg production with chemical inducers, tests for the presence of hepatitis B virions, antigenic topology of HBsAg polypeptides and immunogenicity of HBsAg in guinea pigs. 10(-6) M dexamethasone and/or 10(-4) M sodium butyrate treatments enhanced HBsAg production by a factor of approximately two when compared with untreated cells. Particles of 35 nm diameter produced by PLC/PRF/5 cells were observed at a CsCl density of 1.22-1.24, associated with typical HBsAg 22 nm spheres. These particles did not contain HBV DNA as proved by negative results of hybridization using cloned HBV/DNA as a probe. Western blot analysis revealed that only polypeptides P 22000 (P1) and P 26000 (P2) were specifically recognized by a human anti-HBs serum, irrespective of the origin of HBsAg, i.e. human serum or PLC/PRF/5 hepatoma cell line. HBsAg purified from PLC/PRF/5 cell line was immunogenic in guinea pigs. However, the humoral response was delayed and lower in terms of anti-HBs titers when compared to the response obtained after immunization with a licensed hepatitis B vaccine (HEVAC B, Institut Pasteur Production).

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Detection of IgM anti-hepatitis A antibodies by immunoenzyme technic. Interpretation of results and comparison of 2 tests (Havab-M EIA and Hepanostika anti-HAV IgM].

The presence of IgM anti-HAV was investigated in 60 patients with acute hepatitis A using two commercialy available enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (Havab-M EIA, Abbott, and Hepanostika anti-HAV IgM, Organon). High levels of anti-HAV IgM were present for only 30 to 60 days after the onset. Low levels of anti-HAV IgM were detected for as long as two years after acute phase. These results suggest that only high levels of anti-HAV IgM have to be considered for the diagnosis of a recent infection by hepatitis A virus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus. Towards the prevention of neonatal infection].

The risk of a mother transmitting hepatitis B virus infection to her child is virtually 100% when she develops acute HBs and HBe-positive hepatitis during the last three months of pregnancy or if she is a carrier of these two antigens while expecting the baby. The risk is lesser, though not negligible (20%) for children of mothers with HBs-positive and HBe-negative antigens. Most infants contaminated during the perinatal period become themselves carriers of the HBs antigen. Neonatal hepatitis can be prevented by either seroprophylaxis or immunization. To provide maximum and long-lasting protection for children born of HBs-positive mothers, the authors advocate a combination of hepatitis B vaccine and specific anti-HBs immunoglobuLins, the so-called serovaccination.

Carrier State↗