Symptomatic HIV-2 primary infection.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Biomedical subjects
A Goudeau
Publications and source records attributed to A Goudeau.
Frequent isolation of capnophilic bacteria in aspirate from Bartholin's gland abscesses and cysts.
Aspirate samples were obtained from 73 patients undergoing surgery for a Bartholin's gland abscess or cyst. Capnophilic bacteria were isolated from 22% of cases, in contrast to previous reports of sporadic isolation. The three Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates were serotype 3 or 4. The eight Haemophilus influenzae isolates could not be serotyped; six of them were biotype II but the electrophoretic band patterns of their outer membrane proteins were heterogeneous, indicating that non-serotypable strains from the same anatomical site may not be related. Four Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates and one strain of Neisseria subflava were recovered. The role of capnophilic bacteria in the pathogenesis of infections of the Bartholin's gland remains to be clarified.
Abscess↗
Hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBc Ag) accumulation in an HBV nonproducer clone of HepG2-transfected cells is associated with cytopathic effect.
Two clones of the hepatoblastoma HepG2 cell line transfected with complete hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid (HBV DNA) were studied. The kinetics and cytopathic effect of HBV Ag production in these two clones (one of which was an HBV producer) were compared to those of the parent HepG2 cell line. The presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBe Ag) was determined by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A hepatitis B core antigen (HBc Ag)-specific ELISA assay was developed, using monoclonal anti-HBc to detect HBc Ag. Amounts of HBs, HBe, and HBC Ags were partially quantified in both intracellular and extracellular compartments. The HBV producer clone excreted high levels of HBc, HBe, and HBs Ags from the beginning of the growth phase, and no cytopathic effect was observed. The HBV nonproducer clone produced high levels of HBs and HBe Ags, but there was no detectable HBc Ag in the supernatant; instead, HBc Ag accumulated in the intracellular compartment. In this clone, significant cell death was observed 4 days after cell confluency, corresponding with notable HBc Ag release into the supernatant. These results suggest a cytopathic effect associated with HBc Ag accumulation in the HBV nonproducer clone, but no cytopathic effect in the HBV producer clone. This suggests that virological factors as well as the host's immune response may be considered in explaining liver injury occurring in hepatitis B.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗
Competitive enzyme-immunoassays using native viral antigens to discriminate between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains can be separated into two serotypes: HIV-1 and HIV-2. In the study reported herein, we developed and evaluated competitive enzyme-immunoassays (CEIA-1 for the detection of antibody to HIV-1, CEIA-2 for the detection of antibody to HIV-2) to discriminate serologically between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections. In most of the cases, the serotyping of known reactive serum samples was done easily with the CEIAs, showing a similar specificity to the Western blot. Such competitive assays could represent alternative procedures for serotyping HIV infection and would limit the need for expensive Western blots, especially in economically poor countries.
Antibodies, Viral↗
Urogenital, maternal and neonatal isolates of Haemophilus influenzae: identification of unusually virulent serologically non-typable clone families and evidence for a new Haemophilus species.
A collection of 117 strains of Haemophilus influenzae, including 112 non-typable isolates recovered predominantly in the USA and France from genital, obstetric and neonatal sources, was characterized by the electrophoretic mobilities of 10 metabolic enzymes. Eighty-six distinctive multilocus chromosomal genotypes (electrophoretic types, ETs) were distinguished on the basis of allele profiles at the enzyme loci. Isolates of five allied biotype IV ETs were highly divergent from all other strains and hybridization of chromosomal DNA revealed that they undoubtedly represent a previously unrecognized species of Haemophilus. Isolates representing these ETs were recovered predominantly from obstetric infections and serious neonatal diseases and apparently possess specific tropism for the genital tract. Strains of these five ETs were present in samples from both the USA and France, but only in the USA did they cause bacteraemia and meningitis, an occurrence which probably reflects differences in patient management between the two countries. Although strains assigned to H. influenzae (sensu stricto) were strongly polymorphic in multilocus enzyme genotype, 69% of isolates recovered from patients with meningitis and/or septicaemia were assigned to only two clone families, a result suggesting that some serologically nontypable strains of H. influenzae originating from the genital tract are unusually virulent.
Alleles↗
Linear B-cell epitopes of the major core protein of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2.
Nine murine monoclonal antibodies directed to the major core protein p24 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were obtained and then tested by using an epitope mapping system (Pepscan) covering the whole p24HIV1 protein to characterize antigenic domains. Four different linear epitopes were identified. Monoclonal antibodies recognizing three of these epitopes also reacted to p26HIV2 in Western blotting (immunoblotting). A monoclonal antibody specific for the fourth epitope, located at position 179 to 188 of the gag polyprotein p55HIV1 (human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 3B strain), did not react with HIV type 2 (HIV-2) core proteins. The corresponding sequence is constant in all known HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) isolates, including a very divergent SIV strain from African green monkeys (SIVagm/tyo). This observation may be relevant to the phylogeny of primate lentiviruses. Two of the conserved epitopes might be immunogenic during natural infection and could therefore be used for diagnosis and prognosis purposes. These two epitopes are AAEWDRVHP and EIYKRWII, starting at positions 209 and 260 of the polyprotein p55HIV1, respectively.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Epidemiology and eradication strategy for hepatitis B in Europe. The European Regional Study Group.
In Europe, only approximately 1% of the general population are chronic carriers of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) but hepatitis B is unevenly distributed in the region. Based on the prevalence of HBsAg, the region may be divided into three hepatitis B epidemiological patterns: the UK and the Scandinavian countries (less than 0.1%); most countries in Western Europe (0.1-0.5%); and countries situated along the Mediterranean Sea and in Eastern Europe (1-5%). Existing screening and vaccination programmes depend on such factors as the carrier rate of the indigenous population and the influx of immigrants from highly endemic areas. Vaccination of health care workers is, in general, advised but not required. The accent has been placed, in most countries, on the screening of pregnant women for the presence of HBsAg and the vaccination of newborns of carrier mothers. Education programmes are needed to enhance awareness of general practitioners regarding these risk groups. The institution of mass vaccination will depend upon the cost of vaccine, although the cost factor is less important in Europe than in developing countries.
Adolescent↗
[Microbiologic studies of cysts and abscesses of Bartholin's gland].
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Abscess↗
Hepatitis delta virus infection in French male HBsAg-positive homosexuals.
The prevalence and serological features of hepatitis delta virus infections were studied in a French population of chronic, non-drug addict, hepatitis B surface antigen carriers: 42 male homosexual patients were compared to 30 nonhomosexuals (20 who evidently had not been exposed to any of the usual hepatitis B virus-hepatitis delta virus risk factors and 10 hemodialyzed patients or kidney allograft recipients). Six of the 42 male homosexuals (14.3%) had at least one serological marker of hepatitis delta virus infection (hepatitis delta antigen, total and/or IgM anti-hepatitis delta antibodies). Serological follow-up was obtained for five of these patients over several months and confirmed the chronicity of the delta infection in at least four of the five subjects. Hepatitis delta antigen and hepatitis delta virus RNA were found in the liver and in the serum, respectively, of four of the five tested patients. Hepatitis B virus DNA was negative in the serum of five of the six hepatitis delta virus-positive homosexuals vs. only eight of 35 hepatitis delta virus-negative homosexuals (p less than 0.02). Human immunodeficiency virus was negative in all of the nonhomosexuals; its prevalence did not differ between the hepatitis delta virus-positive and -negative homosexuals: three were human immunodeficiency virus-positive among the six former vs. 15 among the 36 latter. Human immunodeficiency virus positivity was without obvious influence on hepatitis B virus replication, since among 35 hepatitis delta virus-negative homosexuals hepatitis B virus DNA was found in 80% of the human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals and 70% of those who were human immunodeficiency virus-negative.
Adult↗
Multicentre evaluation of a new commercial latex agglutination test using a monoclonal antibody for rotavirus detection.
A new commercial latex-agglutination test using a monoclonal antibody for detection of rotavirus (Slidex Rota-Kit 2) was compared with three other tests (Slidex Rota-Kit, Rotalex, Rotazyme II) using immunoelectron microscopy and a monoclonal enzyme immunoassay as reference tests. Slidex Rota-Kit 2 was more sensitive and specific than the other tests, and would thus appear to be a practical and accurate rotavirus assay for use in routine laboratory work.
Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
Identification of a high-virulence clone of type III Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) causing invasive neonatal disease.
Chromosomal genotypes of 128 isolates of six serotypes (Ia, Ib, Ic, II, Ic/II, and III) of Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) recovered predominantly from human infants in the United States were characterized by an analysis of electrophoretically demonstrable allelic profiles at 11 metabolic enzyme loci. Nineteen distinctive electrophoretic types (ETs), representing multilocus clonal genotypes, were identified. Mean genetic diversity per locus among ETs of isolates of the same serotype was, on average, nearly equal to that in all 19 ETs. Cluster analysis of the ETs revealed two primary phylogenetic divisions at a genetic distance of 0.65. A single clone (ET 1) represented by 40 isolates expressing type III antigen formed division I. Division II was composed of 18 ETs in three major lineages diverging from one another at distances greater than 0.35 and included strains of all six antigenic classes. The type III organisms in division I produce more extracellular neuraminidase and apparently are more virulent than the type III strains in division II, which are related to strains of other serotypes that cause disease much less frequently. The existence of this unusually virulent clone accounts, in major part, for the high morbidity and mortality associated with infection by type III organisms.
Genotype↗
Randomized dose range study of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine produced in mammalian cells and containing the S and PreS2 sequences.
The safety and immunogenicity of different doses (2, 5, 10, and 20 micrograms of a recombinant hepatitis B virus (rHBV) vaccine containing the S and PreS2 sequences and produced in mammalian cells were compared to those of a plasma-derived hepatitis B virus vaccine (Hevac B Pasteur) in 482 volunteers. Local and general side effects were mild and transient. No transaminase level elevation and autoantibody production were observed. The antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroconversion rates did not differ in the groups receiving the rHBV vaccine and the subjects receiving the plasma-derived vaccine. Both vaccines elicited levels of antibodies to HBsAg in greater than 90% of the participants. Geometric mean titers of antibodies to HBsAg induced by the 10- and 20-micrograms doses of the rHBV vaccine did not differ from that induced by the plasma-derived vaccine and were higher than those induced by the 2- and 5-micrograms rHBV vaccine doses. The striking feature of the rHBV vaccine compared to the plasma-derived vaccine was an early and high production of antibodies to PreS2, which may constitute an advantage in prevention of hepatitis B virus infection.
Adolescent↗
Typing of urogenital, maternal, and neonatal isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae in correlation with clinical source of isolation and evidence for a genital specificity of H. influenzae biotype IV.
Over a period of 6 years, 114 strains of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae were isolated from genital, mother-infant, or neonatal infections. Their serotypes, biotypes, antibiotic resistance phenotypes, and outer membrane protein (OMP) electrophoretic patterns were characterized and correlated with the various clinical outcomes. Genital H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae appeared to behave mostly as opportunistic pathogens; for instance, 62% of the cases of endometritis or pelvic inflammatory disease were related to the presence of an intrauterine device. However, as seen clearly in one case, the strains may be sexually transmitted. The analysis of OMP patterns proved to be a very convenient method to seek evidence for the sexual origin of the infection. H. influenzae was more often involved in complicated genital infections than was H. parainfluenzae. Nontypeable and biotype II H. influenzae strains were the more frequent isolates, except in pelvic inflammatory diseases, in which biotype I prevailed, and in mother-infant infections, in which one-fourth of the cases were due to biotype IV. Characterization of H. influenzae isolates did not support a general concept of specific genital strains. However, strains of biotype IV clearly stood out with two characteristics: (i) a peritrichous fimbriation and (ii) a very peculiar homogeneous OMP pattern comprising an OMP of molecular weight approximately 18,000 unique to this biotype. These characteristics were also found in H. influenzae biotype IV strains isolated from genital infections in the United States and used as controls. H. influenzae biotype IV strains may thus correspond to a group somewhat adapted to the genital tract.
Female↗
Transmission of hepatitis B from hepatitis-B-seronegative subjects.
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify and characterise serum HBV DNA sequences in 3 patients negative for all HBV serological markers. HBsAg determinants were detected in 1 individual by monoclonal anti-HBsAg immunoradiometric assay. By use of sets of primers on the S and pre-S parts of the HBV genome the presence of HBV DNA was demonstrated in the serum of all 3 patients. Inoculation of human sera to 2 chimpanzees induced acute hepatitis in both animals; 1 became positive for HBsAg and anti-HBcAg and the other only for anti-HBsAg. Cloning of DNA sequences from viral isolates from 1 chimpanzee and 1 patient was accomplished after amplification of the 3' region of the S gene. Comparison of the partial nucleotide sequence with that of known HBV subtypes showed 0 and 1 point mutation, respectively, in the highly conserved 3' end of the S gene. Therefore the results show that PCR with HBV primers may unambigously identify HBV infectious particles among non-A, non-B viruses and is a potentially useful diagnostic test for detection of HBV DNA sequences in serum.
Animals↗
[Actinomycosis on an intra-uterine device: what is the cause?].
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Actinomycosis↗
Fulminant hepatitis due to reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
A case of hepatitis B reactivation following bone-marrow transplantation for leukemia in a previously healthy HBsAg carrier is reported. A number of changes in HBV serum markers were contemporary to the acute episode. All of them (increase of HBsAg concentration, conversion from anti-HBe to HBeAg, appearance of anti-HBc IgM and of serum HBV-DNA) were suggestive of a "switching-on" of viral replication. Institution of corticosteroid treatment at the onset of the acute phase did not prevent the fatal outcome.
Adult↗
In vitro activities of five new quinolones against 88 genital and neonatal Haemophilus isolates.
In vitro activities of five new quinolones against 88 strains of Haemophilus influenzae and H. parainfluenzae isolated from genitourinary or neonatal infections were studied. All strains were susceptible, and MICs were similar to those for respiratory tract isolates. However, H. influenzae biotype IV appeared to be more susceptible to norfloxacin, enoxacin, and ciprofloxacin than the other biotypes were.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Kinetics of delta antigen and delta antibody in acute delta hepatitis: evaluation with different enzyme immunoassays.
The kinetics of delta antigen (HDAg) and anti-delta antibody (anti-HD) was analyzed in 22 acute delta hepatitis infections (11 coinfections and 11 superinfections), with an enzyme immunoassay developed by Organon Teknika and with two commercially available assays: Deltassay, a test for HDAg from Noctech and Abbott anti-delta enzyme immunoassay, a test for anti-HD from Abbott Laboratories. In seven cases, HDAg was detected with the Organon assay but not with Deltassay. These discrepancies were not related to the type of hepatitis delta virus infection. All samples from these patients taken beyond week 4 of illness were found anti-HD positive with both the Organon and Abbott anti-HD assays. These data reflect the lack of sensitivity of Deltassay. In no instance were HDAg and anti-HD present simultaneously when tested with the Organon assays. On the contrary, 10 sera among the 28 that were HDAg positive with the Organon assay also were found anti-HD positive with the Abbott test. We suspected that the test procedure recommended by Abbott (a one-step competitive assay) may have yielded false-positive anti-HD results when HDAg present in the sera reacted with peroxidase-labeled anti-HD of the kit. To determine the specificity of the simultaneous presence of HDAg and anti-HD, these 10 sera were retested with the Abbott anti-HD assay, but by a modified two-step procedure that avoided contact between sera and labeled antibody. For six sera a negative result was obtained with the second procedure, suggesting that a false anti-HD reaction occurred with the standard test procedure. For four sera a positive result with both procedures was indicative of the simultaneous presence of HDAg and anti-HD. In conclusion, assay for HDAg was found very convenient for the early diagnosis of acute hepatitis delta virus infections. Seroconversion to anti-HD could be used for a late diagnosis 2 to 5 weeks after the beginning of illness. However, anti-HD results obtained with one-step competitive assays have to be interpreted carefully in HDAg-positive sera.
Antibodies, Viral↗