Orbital lymphoproliferative disorders.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
B-Lymphocytes↗
Biomedical subjects
A Garner
Publications and source records attributed to A Garner.
Bilateral multiple cavernous haemangiomas of the orbit.
Orbital cavernous haemangioma, a common orbital tumour, is usually single and unilateral. We report the first case of histologically confirmed bilateral multiple cavernous haemangiomas of the orbit.
Adult↗
Myoepithelioma of the lacrimal gland: report of a case with spindle cell morphology.
The case is described of a 23-year-old female patient presenting with unilateral proptosis, headaches, and transient epiphora. Surgery revealed an encapsulated tumour composed exclusively of spindle-shaped cells within a richly vascularised myxoid stroma. Immunohistochemical staining showed focal positivity for smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. These combined findings are interpreted as providing evidence of a myoepithelioma, which may be regarded as a monomorphic adenoma consisting solely of myoepithelial cells. To our knowledge this is only the second report of such a tumour in the lacrimal gland.
Actins↗
Primary malignant neoplasms of the lacrimal gland.
The clinical characteristics and outcome of 50 primary malignant neoplasms of the lacrimal gland are reviewed: 38 (76%) adenoid cystic carcinomas, six (12%) carcinomas arising in pleomorphic adenoma, and six (12%) adenocarcinomas or other types of carcinoma. Most patients presented with a short history and pain, though pain tended to occur less often and later with adenocarcinoma than with adenoid cystic carcinoma. Pain was unrelated to the duration of symptoms, invasion of bone, loss of trigeminal nerve function, or the frequency and time of tumour recurrence. The estimated disease-free survival for patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma was significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced where half or more of the biopsy specimen showed basaloid differentiation. Eleven patients underwent extended cranio-orbital resection, and the others received a combination of total dacryoadenectomy adenectomy and/or radiotherapy. Survival after adenoid cystic carcinomas appears to be significantly (p less than 0.05) greater when tumour resection is combined with radiotherapy than after radiotherapy alone. At present, however, the rate of disease-free survival after treatment of adenoid cystic carcinoma appears unaltered by cranio-orbital resection, though these latter patients form a relatively greater proportion of those surviving for more than 10 years. Further long-term follow-up is needed to see if this technique does influence survival.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Recurrent malignant melanoma of the corneal stroma: a case of 'black cornea'.
A 39-year-old Caucasian woman with a history of recurrent conjunctival melanoma of her right eye developed an intrastromal heavily pigmented malignant melanoma, which involved the whole corneal diameter. The patient was treated by corneoscleral lamellar keratoplasty and there has been no evidence of recurrent neoplasm during 4 years of follow-up. This apparently unique presentation of malignant melanoma of the cornea is illustrated and the differential diagnosis of corneal pigmentation is discussed.
Adult↗
Adaptation in the pharmaceutical industry, with particular reference to gastrointestinal drugs and diseases.
In terms of gastrointestinal diseases, the pharmaceutical industry is having to adapt in the face of great success (e.g. anti-ulcer drugs), continued failure (e.g. cancer therapy) and increasing commercial pressures. Whilst success is evident by the presence of four anti-ulcer agents in the top 25 best-selling drugs, the GI tract remains the major site of cancer, a disease where almost no progress in drug treatment has occurred since the discovery of anti-metabolites. In addition to being a major therapeutic target, the GI tract is also the principal route of drug administration with some one hundred billion unit dosages being ingested per year. Not surprisingly, therefore, the gut reigns supreme as a site of minor side-effects. More serious adverse reactions are also common and those associated with anti-proliferative and anti-arthritic drugs can be life-threatening. Thus an agent to combat adverse GI reactions represents a drug development opportunity in itself. In terms of primary diseases of the gut, the pharmaceutical industry is having to adapt to the uncertainties inherent in developing drugs in markets which are poorly defined because of the absence of effective treatments. Foremost amongst these are neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. Although these represent formidable targets, clinical needs and consequently commercial success would far outweight any gains from developing another generation of anti-ulcer drugs to compete with existing anti-secretory agents.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
[Future perspectives of ulcer therapy].
Anti-ulcer drugs are amongst the world's most successful pharmaceutical products. Whilst the market for histamine H2 antagonists is maturing, that for proton pump inhibitors looks set to expand considerably during the 1990s. Indeed, by analogy with anti-hypertensive therapy, enzyme inhibitors could eventually supersede receptor antagonists for the treatment of acid-related diseases. Whether a third major cycle of innovative drugs will follow the cimetidine and omeprazole led discoveries of the 1970s and 80s is more difficult to predict given the efficacy of current agents, the declining incidence of ulcer disease, and the need to focus resources in areas of clinical need such as gastrointestinal cancer. Therapy targetted against Helicobacter pylori represents the most attractive option for developing the next generation of anti-ulcer drugs. A major initiative to eradicate H. pylori would be justified if such therapy also had utility in gastric cancer.
Anti-Ulcer Agents↗
Histopathology of incipient fundus flavimaculatus.
A 9-year-old boy was diagnosed with fundus flavimaculatus in his left eye. The boy's fellow eye was enucleated at 16 months of age for retinoblastoma. The authors reviewed the material submitted for histopathologic examination and found that the retinal pigment epithelial cells demonstrated increased autofluorescence and increased reactivity to periodic acid-Schiff staining. Many cells had their melanin granules displaced toward the cell apex. The retinal pigment epithelial changes are consistent with previous histopathologic findings in fundus flavimaculatus and imply that the structural changes are seen in early life.
Child↗
Location and characteristics of epidermal growth factor binding to enterocyte plasma membranes.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Animals↗
Review article: stomach wars--a mucosal defense initiative.
A model is presented which attempts to unify many of the processes identified in recent years as contributing to the maintenance of mucosal integrity in the stomach. Two concepts, namely acid disposal and rapid repair of superficial injury, are highlighted as being of particular physiological significance. The mechanisms involved in protection of the normal mucosa against luminal aggressors (e.g. acid/pepsin, ethanol, aspirin) must be distinguished from the factors which influence the healing of a pre-existent ulcer. In this context, the relatively neglected topic of wound healing in the gastric mucosa is considered, and the implications for current therapeutic strategies and for the discovery of new anti-ulcer drugs are explored.
Animals↗
Orbital xanthogranuloma in adults.
The onset of periorbital xanthogranuloma in adults is rare and may be accompanied by haematological abnormalities and malignancy. The appearance of the eyelid lesions is virtually diagnostic, producing readily recognisable diffuse, yellow plaques, and affected patients should be investigated and reviewed regularly for systemic disease. Three cases are described, in which periorbital cutaneous plaques were associated with abnormal tissues in the superior part of the orbit; these abnormal tissues caused displacement or restricted movement of the globe or upper eyelid. The possibility that two cases represent a necrobiotic type of xanthogranuloma is presented. Nine years after the onset of xanthogranuloma one patient developed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A multiple-drug regimen of systemic chemotherapy, given for lymphoma, caused a marked clinical reduction in the periorbital xanthogranuloma.
Adult↗
Orbital lymphoma versus reactive lymphoid hyperplasia: an analysis of the use of computed tomography in differential diagnosis.
Computed x ray tomography (CT) studies of 40 patients with proptosis or periorbital swelling, in whom biopsy showed lymphoma in 23 and reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in 17, were analysed in an attempt to identify radiological differences between the two conditions. The results indicate that homogeneity of an orbital mass is a sensitive but non-specific indication of lymphoma, 75% of lymphomatous masses and only 23% of reactive lesions being homogeneous. Bone destruction was seen only in cases of lymphoma, but was rare. Other radiological features of the mass or the affected orbital structures did not allow discrimination of tumour from a reactive lesion.
Diagnosis, Differential↗
Epibulbar choristoma and microphthalmia: a report of two cases.
The simultaneous ipsilateral presence of an epibulbar choristoma and microphthalmia has rarely been reported. We present two such cases, one of which is associated with bone formation, and we consider a possible pathogenetic mechanism.
Adipose Tissue↗
Hormonal control of avian pancreas by gastrin-releasing peptide from the proventriculus.
Endocrine cells in the acid-secreting part of the avian stomach, the proventriculus, contain two forms of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) of 27 and 6 residues, respectively. We have examined the actions of exogenous GRP-27 and GRP-6 and endogenously released GRP in the control of pancreatic secretion in urethan-anesthetized turkeys. Chicken GRP-27 and the structurally related amphibian peptide bombesin were potent stimulants of fluid and protein output from the pancreas (at 6-100 pmol/kg, iv). GRP-6 had no significant effect at doses up to 1,000 times higher. A bombesin antagonist, (CH3)2-CHCO-[D-Ala24]GRP-20--26-NHCH3, inhibited the action of exogenous chicken GRP-27 but did not inhibit intravenous cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8). Distension of the proventriculus with a solution of peptone produced an increase in the flow of pancreatic juice and an increase in protein output, which was not reduced by atropine. The bombesin antagonist produced a reversible inhibition of this response. A CCK-gastrin antagonist, BOC-beta-Ala-Trp-Leu-Asp-O(CH2)2- phenyl(4F), which inhibited the action of exogenous CCK, had no effect on the pancreatic response to exogenous GRP-27 or to distension of the proventriculus with peptone. We suggest that protein-rich solutions in the proventriculus release GRP, which in turn acts directly on the pancreas to stimulate enzyme secretion.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Structure of Lisch nodules in neurofibromatosis type 1.
Postmortem examination of the eyes of a patient with neurofibromatosis Type I was performed by light and electronmicroscopy. Lisch nodules were examined and found to consist of a condensation of spindle cells on the anterior iris surface. When nodules were pigmented an underlying stromal naevus was present. Lisch nodules are confirmed as being of melanocytic origin.
Humans↗
The role of hyperoxia in the aetiology of retinopathy of prematurity.
Oxygen in excess is toxic to living tissues and a capacity to neutralise its harmful potential is a requirement for survival. Experimental and circumstantial clinical evidence suggests that the requisite protective mechanisms are insufficiently advanced in the retinal vasculature of the premature neonate, such that babies of very low birth weight are vulnerable to even minor hyperoxia. Sustained hyperoxia produces degenerative effects on the developing endothelium with the result that the newest vessels at the retinal periphery are obliterated. Factors other than the level of inspired oxygen per se may serve to increase the risk of retinopathy by raising the rate of delivery of hyperoxygenated blood.
Animals↗
Design and synthesis of bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide antagonists.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Pharmacological profile of duodenal alkaline secretion.
Stimulation of mucosal alkaline secretion represents an opportunity for discovering novel drugs of potential benefit in maintenance therapy of duodenal ulcer disease. We screened over 200 agents representing the full spectrum of pharmacological categories in order to characterize stimulatory pathways and identify mechanistic leads. A variety of eicosanoids, phospho-diesterase inhibitors and adrenoreceptor agonists together with forskolin, 6-hydroxy-dopamine, 2-chloroadenosine, diazepam, testosterone, dipyridamole and dihydropyridazinone caused a reproducible increase in the metabolism-dependent component of alkaline secretion in bullfrog proximal duodenum. PGE2 (ED50 0.02 microgram/ml) was the most potent agent in vitro and was also the most effective stimulant of duodenal alkalinization in vivo in an anaesthetized cat preparation. Agents without effect on spontaneous alkaline secretion by amphibian duodenum included agonists and antagonists of histamine, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, inhibitors of amine uptake, monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase, plus various corticoids, diuretics, oestrogens, chemotherapeutic (anticancer) and antimicrobial agents. The major mechanism of stimulating alkaline secretion in the isolated duodenum is by increasing intracellular cyclic AMP levels. This may occur by either inhibiting metabolism of the nucleotide or by stimulating its formation. Additionally, many stimulants appear to act indirectly via liberation of endogenous prostaglandins as judged from the marked attenuation of responses in the presence of indomethacin to all agonists apart from exogenous PGE2, forskolin, ICI 63197 (PDE inhibitor), 2-chloroadenosine and diazepam. Whether purinergic agonists and benzodiazepines act directly on the enterocyte or by releasing other paracrine mediators is unknown.
Alkalies↗