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Biomedical subjects

A G Glaros

Publications and source records attributed to A G Glaros.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Effects of interocclusal appliances on EMG activity during parafunctional tooth contact.

To test the hypothesis that a flat plane interocclusal appliance affects the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the temporalis and masseter muscles in pain-free individuals, maxillary splints were fabricated for 20 individuals who reported no history, signs or symptoms of myofascial pain or arthralgia as determined by two trained, independent examiners. Subjects were instructed to establish light tooth contact, maximum clenching, and moderate clenching with/without the splint in place (as determined by random assignment) while EMG data from the left and right temporalis and masseter muscles were recorded. A 5-min biofeedback training session to relax the masticatory muscles was followed by a repetition of the tooth contact/clenching tasks with/without the splint in place. With the splint in place, the activity of the temporalis muscles decreased for all tasks, significantly for the left and right temporalis under maximal clenching and for the right temporalis under moderate clenching. In contrast, the activity of the masseter muscles increased under light and moderate clenching (significantly for the left masseter under moderate clenching) and decreased slightly under maximal clenching. The effectiveness of interocclusal appliances may be due to mechanisms other than redistribution of adverse loading.

Bruxism↗
PubMed2003

Biocompatibility of hydroxylated metabolites of BISGMA and BFDGE.

Unpolymerized dental monomers can leach out into the oral biophase and are bioavailable for metabolism. We hypothesize that metabolites would be less toxic than parent monomers. We first identified the formation of metabolites from bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) and Bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (BISGMA) after their exposure to liver S9 fractions. Then, the metabolites and parent compounds were subjected to in vitro cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and estrogenicity studies. Bisphenol A bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether and bisphenol F bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether were the hydroxylated metabolites of BISGMA and BFDGE, respectively. Cytotoxicity against L929 cells showed that the metabolites were significantly (p < 0.05) less cytotoxic than the parent monomers. Only BFDGE was mutagenic in the Ames assay with strain TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium. Parent and metabolite compounds did not stimulate estrogen-dependent MCF-7 cell proliferation above solvent controls. These results indicated that the hydroxylated metabolites were non-mutagenic, non-estrogenic, and less cytotoxic than their parent monomers.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

In vitro biocompatibility of oxirane/polyol dental composites with promising physical properties.

OBJECTIVES: Visible light cure oxirane/polyol resins of Cyracure UVR-6105 with pTHF-250 has been previously shown useful for development of dental composites. This oxirane/polyol (4016) in combination with other oxiranes were formulated into composites (4016E, 4016G and 4016GB) containing 72.9-74.9% quartz filler. The main objective of the study was to evaluate some of the physical properties and the biocompatibility of the composites. RESULTS: PhotoDSC analysis of composites demonstrated twice the enthalphy values of Z100 (31J/g). Composites 4016E and 4016G showed compressive strengths similar to Z100 (337+/-35Mpa), P>0.05. Discs of composite 4016E, containing Epon 825 oxirane (E), and composite 4016G containing Araldite GY 281 oxirane (G) were non-cytotoxic (-) while the composite 4016GB, containing G and Ebecryl 1830 (B), was mildly (+) cytotoxic to L929 cells in the agar diffusion assay. Seven-day extracts of 4016GB composite were cytotoxic while extracts of 4016E and 4016G were less cytotoxic to L929 cells in the MTT assay. Extracts were obtained from 7 day incubations of composite (3 cm(2) surface area/ml) in acetone or ethanol/saline (1:20) at 37 degrees C. All composite extracts were non-mutagenic to Ames strains TA100, TA98, TA97a and TA1535. The overall results with composite 4016GB suggest that leachable components were cytotoxic but non-mutagenic. With the exception of oxirane components, G and E, the oxirane Cyracure UVR-6105 and other components were non-mutagenic. From cytotoxicity studies, the photoinitiator, Sarcat CD 1012, was the most cytotoxic (TC(50)=14 microM) component. Components G (TC(50)=17 microM), E (TC(50)=50 microM) and B (TC(50)=151 microM) were significantly (p < 0.05) more cytotoxic than Cyracure UVR-6105 (1488 microM) and the polyol, pTHF-250 (TC(50)=6072 microM). SIGNIFICANCE: Favorable results obtained with composites 4016G and 4016E indicates that suitable oxirane/polyol formulations can be designed and optimized for development of dental composites with acceptable mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, leachable analysis of extracts obtained from longer incubation periods is needed before final conclusions could be drawn about the leachability of oxirane components.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Aromatic dental monomers affect the activity of cholesterol esterase.

The dental restorative monomer, BISGMA (2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane), and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) increase the velocity of the reaction catalyzed by pancreatic cholesterol esterase (CEase, bovine). The metabolite of these monomers, bisphenol A bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether, and a common plasticizer, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), also increase the velocity of CEase-catalyzed ester hydrolysis. BISGMA at concentrations of 1.5-8.0 microM increases the velocity to 126-169% of its value in the absence of BISGMA. Increasing BISGMA above 8 microM caused no further increase in velocity. BADGE at 7-25 microM increases the velocity to 112-205% of its value without BADGE. The metabolite of BISGMA and BADGE at concentrations of 2.0-7.1 microM increases the velocity to 103-113% of its value without metabolite. DEHP at concentrations of 0.52-4.3 microM increases the velocity to 108-187% of its value without DEHP. On the other hand, bisphenol A dimethacrylate is a competitive inhibitor of CEase, with a K(i) of 3.1 microM.

Benzhydryl Compounds↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of a digital measurement tool to estimate working length in endodontics.

The purpose of the study was to compare the segmental measurement tool from the Shick Technologies CDR digital system with the conventional film radiography measurement technique to determine preoperative working length. Natural extracted human teeth with varying degrees of root curvature were used. All teeth were imaged using the Shick Technologies CDR direct digital system and conventional E-speed film. Measurements from digital radiography and conventional film were compared with measurements made directly from the endodontic files. The Wilks' Lambda multivariate test was used. The mean measurement of each modality was compared with the other and with the gold standard. The test showed statistically significant differences between the two modalities at p<0.05. The mean measurements for both modalities were not significantly different from the gold standard. The modality most closely approaching the gold standard was the conventional film.

Dental Pulp Cavity↗
PubMed2001

A comparison of palatal adaptation in acrylic resin denture bases using conventional and anchored polymerization techniques.

PURPOSE: The study investigated the effects of palatal depth and a resin anchoring system on the adaptation of denture base resin to the master cast after compression molding and heat polymerization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight virtually identical polymethyl methacrylate dentures were fabricated on master casts with either a deep or shallow palatal vault. One half of the master casts of each palate type were altered by the addition of anchoring holes along the posterior land area, as well as perpendicularly in the midsaggital area. Anchoring holes were made with a #8 round bur to a depth of 5 mm. Twenty-four hours after polymerization, the bases on their casts were sectioned at the posterior border and evaluated for degree of adaptation using a traveling microscope. Maladaptation at the interface of the denture base and master cast was measured at predetermined mediolateral locations. A split-plot analysis of variance (alpha = 0.05) was performed followed by a post-hoc Dunn Multiple Comparison Test. RESULTS: In general, depth of the palatal vault did not significantly influence denture palatal discrepancy (p =.0780), but the use of the anchoring system significantly reduced mean gap distances (p =.000). At lateral and midpalate locations, gap distances between the denture bases and their casts were reduced from approximately 0.3 mm to approximately 0.1 mm when the anchoring system was used. CONCLUSIONS: Mean gap distances for steep palate dentures were significantly less than shallow palate dentures at vestibule and lateral palate locations, and anchoring holes placed in an edentulous master cast along the posterior land area and at the midline significantly improved the adaptation of denture bases.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2001

Effects of dental resins on TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells.

Many reports have demonstrated inflammation after the placement of dental restorations. To explain this side-effect, we studied a biomarker in the inflammatory response. The intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a key mediator for recruitment of leukocytes to the site of inflammation. Therefore, we investigated whether methacrylates (a BISGMA-based dental resin, BISGMA, and MAA) and Cyracure UVR 6105, an epoxy monomer, could alter ICAM-1 expression in unstimulated and TNF-alpha-stimulated endothelial cells. Six-well plates with monolayers of human umbilical vein cells, ECV 304 (ATCC CRL 1998), were exposed to TNF-alpha (1 ng/mL) in the presence and absence of subtoxic and TC50 doses of chemicals for 24 hrs at 37 degrees C/5% CO2. Several doses of TNF-alpha (0.5-2 ng/mL) were coincubated with 100 microL of undiluted aqueous dental resin extracts. Cells were harvested and stained with mAB FITC-conjugated anti-human ICAM-1 (CD54). ICAM-1 expression was measured by flow cytometry. Cells expressed basal levels of ICAM-1, which was up-regulated by TNF-alpha but was not changed by all samples studied. Except for UVR 6105, the methacrylates significantly decreased ICAM-1 expression in TNF-alpha-stimulated cells. These findings suggest that methacrylates may decrease the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Laser irradiation of bone: III. Long-term healing following treatment by CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers.

BACKGROUND: Relative few reports exist concerning healing of laser created osteotomies over an extended period of time. The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term healing, from 21 to 63 days, of osteotomy defects in the rat tibia created with the Nd:YAG and CO2 in the presence of a surface cooling spray of air/water. METHODS: The experimental model consisted of 15 large Sprague-Dawley rats. Six treatment modalities were randomly distributed among 6 tibial recipient sites: 1) a negative control (no treatment); 2) a positive control (bur osteotomy); 3) CO2 laser at 5 W (860 J/cm2); 4) CO2 laser at 6 W (1,032 J/cm2); 5) Nd:YAG laser at 5 W (714 J/cm2); and 6) Nd:YAG laser at 7 W (1,000 J/cm2). All laser irradiation was delivered in the presence of a surface coolant consisting of air (15 psi) and sterile water. Five animals were sacrificed at each of 3 time intervals: 21, 35, and 63 days post-treatment. Multiple histologic sections from each treatment site were examined by light microscopy using hematoxylin and eosin Goldner's trichrome stains, and polarized light and evaluated for presence of a char layer, heat induced cracking, heat related alterations in cells or tissue matrix, and osseous regeneration. RESULTS: Healing was severely delayed in all laser treated sites compared to positive control sites. Of the laser treated sites, those irradiated by CO2 laser at 5 W (780 J/cm2) exhibited the greater amount of bone regeneration. At best, however, only a small percentage of sections from any of the laser treated specimens showed evidence of bone regeneration within the ablation defect regardless of the post-treatment time interval. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of this study, the osseous healing response was severely delayed by CO2 and Nd:YAG laser irradiation of bone, even in the presence of a surface cooling spray of air/water.

Air↗
PubMed2000

Effect of parafunctional clenching on temporomandibular disorder pain and proprioceptive awareness.

This study tested the hypothesis that parafunctional clenching increases pain, can lead to a diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain, and can produce reductions in proprioceptive awareness. Twenty individuals participated in EMG biofeedback training sessions on the left and right temporalis and masseter muscles. No subjects had TMD prior to training. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a Decrease group, who were instructed to maintain EMG activity below 2 microV during training, or an increase group, who were instructed to maintain EMG activity above 10 microV. To test the impact of parafunctional clenching on proprioceptive awareness, all subjects were instructed to barely touch their teeth together while EMG activity was recorded pre- and post-training. Three subjects assigned to the Increase group and no subjects assigned to the Decrease group were diagnosed with TMD pain following training. Self-reported pain post-training was significantly higher for the Increase group. Parafunctional clenching did not affect performance in the proprioceptive test.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

In vitro toxicity of spiroorthocarbonate monomers designed for non-shrinking dental restoratives.

In development of photopolymerized expanding monomers with epoxy resin systems, there is a need for reactive expanding monomers that exert a good biocompatibility profile. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro toxicology of new spiroorthocarbonates designed to be expanding monomers. The expanding monomers investigated were: trans/trans-2,3,8,9-di(tetramethylene)-1,5,7,11-tetraoxaspiro[5,5] undecane (DTM-TOSU), 5,5-diethyl-19-oxadispiro-[1,3-dioxane-2,2'-1,3-dioxane-5',4'-bicy clo[4.1.0]heptane] (DECHE-TOSU); 3,9-diethyl-3,9-dipropionyloxy methyl-1,5,7,11-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane (DEDPM-TOSU); and 3,9-diethyl-3,9-diacetoxy methyl-1,5,7,11-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane (DAMDE-TOSU). The in vitro toxicology of these monomers measured their cytotoxicity and mutagenicity potential. Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the MTT assay was used to assess the toxic dose that kills 50% of cells (TC50) for all the monomers. Their mutagenic potential was measured in the Ames Salmonella assay with and without metabolic activation. Two solvents, DMSO and acetone, were used to validate effects. Appropriate controls included the solvents alone. All the expanding monomers in this study were less cytotoxic than BISGMA (p < 0.01), a commercial component of dental restoratives. The relative cytotoxicity of the expanding monomers in DMSO was defined in the following order: DTM-TOSU (more toxic) > DECHE-TOSU > DEDPM-TOSU > DAMDE-TOSU. Each was significantly different from the other (p < 0.05). Overall, the TC50 values of all expanding monomers were significantly greater in DMSO than in acetone (p < 0.05). However, for BISGMA this trend was opposite. For mutagenicity results, the expanding monomers were non-mutagenic and there was no solvent effect on this outcome. The non-mutagenicity and low cytotoxicity profile of these expanding monomers suggests their potential for development of biocompatible non-shrinking composites.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

In vitro cytotoxicity of solid epoxy-based dental resins and their components.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding a spiroorthocarbonate (SOC) or a polyol on the cytotoxicity of epoxy-based dental resins. METHODS: Resins contained one of the epoxies: diglycidyl ether Bisphenol A (GY-6004); 3,4-epoxycyclohexanemethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate (UVR-6105); vinyl cyclohexane dioxide (ERL-4206) or the three-epoxy mixture (Epoxy-M). The SOC was t/t-2,3,8,9-di(tetramethylene)-1,5,7,11-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane (SOC). The polyols were polytetrahydrofuran (p-THF-250) and polycaprolactone triol (TONE-301). The photoinitiator (4-octylphenyl)phenyliodonium hexafluoroantimonate and camphorquinone were used for light curing the resins. Four types of resins (epoxy, SOC/epoxy, polyol/epoxy and SOC/polyol/epoxy) were evaluated for cytotoxicity as solids in the agar diffusion assay and as aqueous extracts in the MTT assay using L929 cells. RESULTS: In agar diffusion analysis, ERL-4206 and UVR-6105 resins were severely cytotoxic (+3), but the addition of SOC changed them to non-cytotoxic (-). Addition of 1-3% SOC changed Epoxy-M from mild (+) to non-cytotoxic. Adding SOC changed GY-6004 from moderate (+2) to mild (-) cytotoxicity. Generally, addition of SOC did not change cytotoxicity when added to polyol/epoxy combinations. Either polyol produced resins with reduced cytotoxicity when added to UVR-6105, but the opposite occurred when added to Epoxy-M resins. In MTT analysis, percent cell survival from 100 microliters resin extracts were statistically compared (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Epoxy-M and GY-6004 resin extracts were significantly less cytotoxic than UVR-6105 and ERL-4206 resin extracts were. Overall, the SOC component reduced the cytotoxicity of all SOC/epoxy combinations, except SOC/ERL-4206, which was significantly more cytotoxic than ERL-4206 resin extract. This may be the result of cell fixative effects observed for SOC/ERL-4206 in agar diffusion analysis. Addition of SOC produced significantly less cytotoxic SOC/polyol/Epoxy-M resins when compared to its non-SOC counterpart. The contrary result was obtained with SOC/polyol/UVR-6105 resin combinations. Consistent with agar diffusion results, adding polyol significantly decreased cytotoxicity of UVR-6105 resins. The cytotoxicity of these resins may be related to the 50% cytotoxicity (TC50) of their components as leachates. The TC50 values of the individual components were compared to BISGMA. Polyols, epoxy monomers, SOC monomer and camphorquinone were significantly (p < 0.05) less cytotoxic than BISGMA. SIGNIFICANCE: Addition of SOCs and polyols in the formulation of epoxy-based resins may contribute to development of biocompatible dental composites.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

In vivo comparison of synthetic osseous graft materials. A preliminary study.

The purpose of this study was to compare the in vivo osseous healing response of 4 commercially-available synthetic bone grafting materials; hydroxylapatite (HA), calcium sulfate (CaSO4) plus autogenous bone, or a bioactive glass ceramic: with particle size of 300-360 microm (BG1) or 90 to 710 microm (BG2). 4 osteotomy sites were prepared in each tibia of 10 adult male rabbits. One unfilled osteotomy site served as negative control (NC) and another site filled with autogenous bone was the positive control (PC). All animals received BG1 in 2 sites and BG2 in 2 sites. 5 animals received HA and five CaSO4 plus autogenous bone in the remaining 2 sites. Animals were sacrificed at 28 days post-surgery, histologic sections obtained and the % surface area of new bone formation for each material was determined by computerized image analysis. All graft sites showed evidence of bone formation, i.e., (NC) 41.95%; (PC) 50.41%; (BG1) 41.82%; (BG2) 40.36%; (HA) 41.83% and (CaSO4) 58.83%. Statistical analysis using an ANOVA with repeated measures on the materials common to all animals (excluding HA and CaSO4 groups) showed significant differences between materials in surface area of bone, with positive controls better than negative controls, and BG1 and BG2 not significantly different from the negative control. These results indicate that synthetic graft materials can support new bone formation in surgically prepared defects. The utility of a rabbit model for studying physiologic osseous turnover and healing is questioned for studies of slowly resorbing synthetic graft materials.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

A meta-analysis of EMG biofeedback treatment of temporomandibular disorders.

AIMS: Outcome evaluations of treatments incorporating electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have been conducted for more than 2 decades. The purpose of this study was to review the available literature to determine the efficacy of biofeedback-based treatments and to estimate treatment effect sizes. METHODS: A literature search located 13 studies of EMG biofeedback treatment for TMD, including 6 controlled, 4 comparative treatment, and 3 uncontrolled trials. Three types of outcome were examined: patient pain reports, clinical exam findings, and ratings of global improvement. RESULTS: Five of the 6 controlled trials found EMG biofeedback treatments to be superior to no treatment or psychologic placebo controls for at least 1 of the 3 types of outcome. Data from 12 studies contributed to a meta-analysis that compared pre- to posttreatment effect sizes for EMG biofeedback treatments to effect sizes for control conditions. Mean effect sizes for both reported pain and clinical exam outcomes were substantially larger for biofeedback treatments than for control conditions. In addition, 69% of patients who received EMG biofeedback treatments were rated as symptom-free or significantly improved, compared with 35% of patients treated with a variety of placebo interventions. Follow-up outcomes for EMG biofeedback treatments showed no deterioration from posttreatment levels. CONCLUSION: Although limited in extent, the available data support the efficacy of EMG biofeedback treatments for TMD.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Microtensile testing of dentin adhesives.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted in order to compare the microtensile and shear bond strengths of five commercial dentin adhesive systems. Scotchbond Multipurpose with maleic acid (SM), Scotchbond Multipurpose with phosphoric acid (SP), Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (SBP), Clearfil Liner Bond System (CL), and Prime and Bond (PB) were tested. METHODS: Thirty extracted unerupted third molars, in groups of six teeth per adhesive system, were prepared for microtensile testing. The specimens were tested following a 24 h incubation at 37 degrees C in normal saline. Shear bond testing was performed on 35 additional teeth, using seven teeth per adhesive system. After testing, the fracture sites were observed using light microscopy and a scanning electron microscope to determine the type of failure involved. RESULTS: The microtensile test results (mean +/- SD) were SM, 24.6 +/- 7.2 MPa; SP, 28.8 +/- 11.8 MPa; SBP, 22.7 +/- 6.5 MPa; PB, 25.5 +/- 9.4 MPa; and CL, 36.8 +/- 10.0 MPa. A Bonferroni post-hoc test showed significantly (p < 0.05) greater strength for CL compared to SM, SP, SBP, and PB. The shear bond strength test results were SM, 19.4 +/- 4.4 MPa; SP, 24.5 +/- 8.4 MPa; SBP, 15.3 +/- 4.9 MPa; PB, 23.2 +/- 7.1 MPa; and CL, 24.8 +/- 3.5 MPa. No statistically significant differences were found among the shear bond strength test results. The shear bond test produced significantly more failures within dentin and composite than the microtensile method. SIGNIFICANCE: It is concluded that the microtensile test produced a more definitive assessment of adhesive bond strength than the shear bond test. Microtensile testing showed CL to be significantly stronger than SM, SP, SBP, and PB (p < 0.05).

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Effect of parafunctional clenching and estrogen on temporomandibular disorder pain.

To test the hypothesis that the pain-producing effect of parafunctional clenching is mediated by oral contraceptive use and estrogen levels, eight premenopausal women participated in daily (five days/week) 20-minute-long EMG biofeedback training sessions (on the left and right temporalis and masseter muscles) structured as a two-phase cross-over study. Four subjects used oral contraceptives, and four did not. Subjects were instructed to maintain temporalis and masseter activity below 2 microV during decrease training and above 10 microV during increase training. All subjects began their participation at the start of menses. The initial week of training was followed by a week of rest and then a second week of training at mid-cycle. Preliminary screening examinations showed that none of the subjects had TMD. One subject was diagnosed with TMD pain during increase training, and no subjects were diagnosed with TMD during decrease training. Self-reported pain following training increased significantly during increase training. No effects on pain were observed for oral contraceptive status. We conclude that chronic, low-level parafunctional clenching may be a factor producing temporomandibular disorder pain and that oral contraceptive status does not play a role in the TMD pain produced by the experimental protocol.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Sonic and mechanical toothbrushes. An in vitro study showing altered microbial surface structures but lack of effect on viability.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the in vitro effects of a mechanical and a sonic toothbrush on the viability of Actinomyces viscosus, the rationale being that induction of irreparable microbial damage resulting from aggressive mechanical action or sonic energy, may inhibit or disrupt the process of successional colonization. Cultures of A. viscosus were grown to a standardized optical density and subdivided into 3 treatment groups of 20 specimens each. Treatment groups consisted of an untreated control and exposure to a mechanical or sonic toothbrush for 15, 30, 45, and 60 s. Subsequent to the prescribed treatment, samples were taken from each specimen dish, subcultured, and the number of CFUs determined. Additional samples were obtained for negative staining and examination by electron microscopy. The mean number of CFUs for each treatment group at each treatment interval were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and multiple pairwise comparisons. Results showed a significant main effect for toothbrushes (p<0.0001) and exposure time (p<0.01), but only marginal significance for the interaction of toothbrush with exposure time (p<0.055). Post-hoc tests showed a significantly greater number of CFUs for the sonic toothbrush compared to both the untreated control and mechanical toothbrush groups. Electron microscopic examination revealed a decrease in aggregation tendency and loss of fimbriae in the sonic toothbrush group. Based on the lack of morphologic evidence that would indicate cell damage and the increase in CFUs over that of the control group, it appeared that neither the mechanical or sonic toothbrushes affected cell viability.

Actinomyces viscosus↗