Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to A Friedman.
THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS ARE CONSIDERED: (i) the one-phase Stefan problem, which describes the melting of ice, and (ii) the flow of gas in a porous medium. Both problems are considered in the n-dimensional space. The main result asserts that the solution [i.e., the temperature in problem (i) and the density in problem (ii)] is continuous.
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In order to assess the possibility that treatment with the uricosuric diuretic ticrynafen (tienilic acid) could lead to UA or MSU crystalluria, the degree of urinary supersaturation with respect to these crystalloids was assessed in persons receiving the diuretic for 1 week, and the results were compared with similar data generated from the use of probenecid. Initially, only probenecid significantly increased the degree of urinary suspersaturation with respect to MSU, and after adjustment of urine pH values to 5.5, probenecid also increased the degree of urinary supersaturation with respect to nonionized UA. At a pH of 5.5, the urine was significantly more supersaturated with nonionized UA after a single dose of probenecid than after ticrynafen (tienilic acid). Ticrynafen never significantly affected the degree of urinary supersaturation with respect to UA or MSU. Neither agent affected small amounts of "colloidal" or "bound" urinary urate. Insofar as the degree of urinary supersaturation with these crystalloids predisposes to crystalluria and calculus formation, ticrynafen (tienilic acid) appears to present no increased risk.
Jaundice was the presenting feature in an 8-year-old girl suffering from urinary tract infection (UTI) due to Escherichia coli. The jaundice cleared with the cure of the infection. The mechanisms of jaundice complicating UTI are discussed, and the importance of urine culture in infants and children with jaundice is stressed.
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Eleven infants aged 1-2 years suffering from shigellosis associated with Shigella flexneri type 6 were treated with rifampicin. All were initially treated with antimicrobial drugs to which Sh. flexneri was shown to be sensitive, but without effect. Rifampicin was effective in curing gastrointestinal symptoms and eradicating the bacilli in all infants in 5 days. The drug was given in a dose of 10-12 mg/kg per day divided into two equal parts, for 7 days. No untoward side effects were observed. Our experience should encourage the use of this agent in controlling outbreaks of shigellosis and in curing resistant Shigella spp. infections where other antimicrobial agents prove to be inefficient.
Patients with Graves' disease and exophthalmos demonstrate delayed hypersensitivity to antigens present in extracts of certain normal human tissue; namely,thyroid gland and retroorbital tissue. The delayed hypersensitivity can be assayed in vitro by quantitating the amount of a lymphokine, migration inhibition factor (MIF), which is produced when T lymphocytes of patients with Graves' disease and exophthalmos are exposed to these antigens. In the present report, a partial purification is described for the retro-orbital tissue antigen which is responsible for the positive leucocyte migration inhibition factor assay (MIF assay) exhibited by a sensitized lymphocytes of these patients. The purified retro-orbital tissue antigen preparation demonstrates a 50- to 150-fold higher specific activity over crude homogenates in its ability to act as an antigen in the MIF assay of exophthalmic patients. Immunodiffusion, ultracentrifugation, and disc electrophoretic data indicate that this purified antigen preparation, obtained from normal human, retro-orbital tissue, contains thyroglobulin or a derivative of thyroglobulin; immunofluorescence studies localize the anti-thyroglobulin reactive material to the plasma membranes of extraocular muscle fibers of normal individuals. On the basis of these data it is concluded that thyroglobulin or a derivative of the thyroglobulin molecule is present in the orbital muscle of normal individuals. Since thyroglobulin purified from normal human thyroid glands and the purified retro-orbital tissue preparation are nearly equivalent as antigens in the MIF assay of exophthalmic patients, we conclude that thyroglobulin or an antigenic component of the thyroglobulin molecule is one of the antigens to which patients with Graves' disease and exophthalmos demonstrate delayed hypersensitivity.
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The sleep pattern was studied in 10 patients with Parkinson's disease with polygraphic recording of EEG tracings, eyeball movements, EMG from the chin area and EEG during two overnight investigations. The results were compared with the sleep pattern obtained in a similar way in 5 healthy subjects in the same age group. Prolongation of the time of falling asleep and reduction of the percent proportion of the deepest sleep phases (III and IV slow-wave phases and paradoxical phase) were observed. The possible biochemical substrate of these changes (low levels of dopamine and serotonin) is suggested. The author compared also the sleep pattern obtained in two consecutive sleep records in the same subjects discussing the so-called first-night effect.
A boy, 2 years 5 months of age, was admitted for examination and was found to be mentally retarded. He had a history of low birth weight, covered anus, and perineal fistula. Investigation revealed ventricular septal defect and persistent left superior vena cava, left upper lobe atelectasis, hand and foot anomalies, agenesis or nonfunctioning right kidney and large left kidney with double pelves and double ureters, and large sigmoid colon. Family history revealed consanguineous parents and a mentally retarded elder sister who had anorectal atresia with introital fistula and perineal ectopic stenotic anus. This family demonstrates two extremes of the same syndrome, most probably inherited as an autosomal-recessive entity.
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From a levels-of -processing framework (e.g., Craik & Lockhart, 1972), we derive the idea that the levels of information implicit in a stimulus, such as its physical configuration, its name, and the category to which it belongs, may become available for subsequent processing at different times after stimulus onset. In particular, tasks which allow the use of physical codes should be performed more rapidly than those which require "deeper" information. There are two important implications here: The first is that the ability to use a code does not mean that that code has been "matched to" a representation in memory. The second is that "depth" effects (i.e., physical less than name less than conceptual) should be demonstrable within both pictorial and verbal materials. The approach as a whole may be contrasted with current dual-coding approaches (e.g., Paivio, Note 1), which, while they allow for different levels of meaning in both verbal and imaginal symbolic systems, seem forced to assume that certain types of cenceptual information are more easily accommodated within the verbal system. This leads to the prediction that some kinds of conceptual information will not be directly available from pictures, but must instead become available to the subject via an interaction between the symbolic systems. We tested these assumptions with a speeded-inference task (Van Rijn, 1973), which has properties that allow for unambiguous interpretation of reaction time differences across stimulus materials which require processing to the same explicit depth. Briefly, we found that pictures yield faster inferences than do words when the same semantic information is required for performance (Experiments 1 and 2), and that physical information is available sooner than conceptual information for both pictures (Experiment 4) and words (Experiment 5). Moreover, some types of pictorial materials (e.g., representations of proper nouns) function symbolically to the extent that they do not have an advantage in discriminability over words (Experiments 6 and 7), unless physical features are added to them which are redundant with the conceptual information the subject needs to perform (Experiment 8). The results are best interpreted within a levels-of-processing framework, in which multiple codes or representations do not exist to be activated by the appropriate stimuli, but rather the stimuli themselves embody levels of information which are encoded and used as needed.
A 5-year-old boy and his father with Pfeiffer syndrome are described. They had acrocephaly, hypertelorism, antimongoloid slant of the palpebral fissures, protrusion of the eyes, large and broad nose, small mandible, irregularly placed teeth, additional upper canine, high-arched palate, partial syndactyly of fingers and toes, brachydactyly of toes, valgus deformity of hypertrophied triangular great toes, broad phalanges of the great toes and broad first metatarsals, accessory epiphyses lateral to the interphalangeal joint of the great toes, and normal intelligence. To our knowledge, this is the first family in which the syndrome is almost totally confined to the head and feet--it spares the upper limbs except for partial skin syndactyly between the fingers--and the third family showing inheritance through three successive generations suggesting an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The published papers are reviewed and the clinical and x-ray signs are tabulated.