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Biomedical subjects

A Ergin

Publications and source records attributed to A Ergin.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Patients' awareness of their rights in a developing country.

AIM: To determine the awareness of a regulation on patients' rights passed in 1998 in Turkey. METHODS: All hospitalized patients in the internal medicine and general surgery wards in three large hospitals during the study period were eligible for the study, which was performed in 2001 in the Denizli province, Turkey. The study group consisted of 166 patients. Data were collected during face-to-face interviews using a questionnaire. RESULTS: Only 9% of patients were aware of the regulation about patients' rights. Most patients were given equal access to health care (91%), benefitted from the capabilities of their selected healthcare institutions (86.7%), and their privacy was protected (86.1%). Those patients who stated that they had not received care in accordance with their rights identified the shortcomings as not receiving written (95.2%) or verbal (53%) information from healthcare professionals, and the failure of healthcare personnel to introduce themselves (75.3%). On most occasions, the patients stated that they were not able to request services as stated in the PRR from healthcare professionals. CONCLUSION: Few patients knew about the regulation on patients' rights, indicating a need for extensive education of patients and healthcare professionals.

Awareness↗
PubMed2006

Occupational working conditions as risk factors for preterm birth in Benin, West Africa.

BACKGROUND: Although many studies from developed countries have established a relationship between various occupational working conditions during pregnancy and preterm birth, there is little data available in developing countries where both maternal physical labor during pregnancy and preterm birth are common. The aim of this study was to examine the association between difficult occupational working conditions of pregnant women and premature births in the Republic of Benin in West Africa. METHOD: The case-control study included 99 women with preterm babies and 104 women with full-term babies. The participants were residents of the Republic of Benin who delivered between May 1, 2000 and April 30, 2002. Preterm delivery was defined as delivery prior to 37 completed weeks of gestation. The study sample was selected randomly from birth records. Data were collected both reviewing birth records and conducting semi-structured personal interviews with mothers. Logistic regression models were adjusted for mother's age, mother's education, health problems during pregnancy, and twin birth. RESULTS: Although working state of mother during pregnancy did not increase the risk for preterm delivery, carrying heavy loads more than 5 days per week was significantly associated with having a preterm baby (adjusted OR: 5.0; 95% CI: 1.38-18.8; P=0.018). Carrying heavy loads and having worked a lot more than 5 days per week was also significantly associated with preterm birth (adjusted OR: 6.88; 95% CI: 1.45-32.2; P=0.015). CONCLUSION: Reducing heavy loads carrying during pregnancy may also prevent preterm delivery in developing countries. Though replication of these data using a prospective design is needed, our results suggest that educating women about the risks associated with heavy labor during pregnancy is indicated.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A study of depression and anxiety among doctors working in emergency units in Denizli, Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Major work has been carried out on the psychological well-being of emergency room doctors in the US, Canada and in other developed countries, but little has been published regarding the same in the countries in economic transition. OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of, and the factors related to, depression and anxiety among doctors working in emergency units in Denizli, Turkey. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in May 2004, using a sample of 192 doctors employed in emergency units in Pamukkale University Hospital, the City Hospital, the Social Security Hospital, private hospitals, citywide primary healthcare centres and 112 emergency services in Denizli, Turkey. Data were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire, including questions on sociodemographic characteristics and two instruments determining the level of depressive symptoms and anxiety. Logistic regression was the method chosen for multivariate statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation (SD)) depression score was 10.6 (6.5) and the frequency (%) of depression was 29 (15.1). Not having any hobby and having high anxiety scores were salient factors among doctors experiencing depressive symptomatology in bivariate comparisons. Logistic regression analysis showed that not having any hobby (p = 0.07) and having increased anxiety scores (p<0.001) were positive contributors to depression scores. The mean (SD) anxiety score was 8.7 (8.2) and the frequency (%) of anxiety was 28 (14.6). Being a woman, having a low monthly income and having high depression scores contributed considerably to the anxiety of doctors in bivariate comparisons. Low monthly income (<1000 v 1000-2000 YTL) (p = 0.03), the number of years spent in emergency units (p = 0.03) and having high depression scores (p<0.001) were the factors that contributed significantly to the anxiety of doctors in the multivariate regression analysis. CONCLUSION: The considerable amount of depression and anxiety found among doctors in this study should trigger further work. Studies using more powerful designs would help to illuminate the factors leading to depression and anxiety, which result in attrition among doctors from emergency units.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Cost of Alzheimer's disease in a developing country setting.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the economic impact of AD in Denizli, Turkey. DESIGN AND METHODS: This observational study was conducted with 42 AD patients and their primary caregivers. During the initial interview, demographic data and medical histories were collected with questionnaires. For an observational period of 15 days, data on time spent for patient care were collected using standard forms. Calculations on direct cost (e.g. per day medication, outpatient physician visits during the last 3 months), indirect cost (e.g. time spent for care by caregiver for daily living (ADL) and instrumental activity of daily living (IADL)) were made by summing up and taking averages of the appropriate items. ANOVA, and linear regressions were the methods for comparisons. RESULTS: The primary caregivers of the patients mainly were their children and/or spouses. The maximum mean time spent (h/week) was 21.0 (17.5) for severely damaged cognition. The average annual cost per case was between $1,766 [95% Confidence Intervals (CI); 1.300-2.231] and $4,930 (95% CI; 3.3714-6.147). The amount of caregiver cost was the most significant item in the overall cost and it showed an increase with the declining cognitive function of patients. Daily medication cost reflected the same pattern. In contrast, cost of outpatient physician was the lowest among the patients with the worst cognition. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that recently AD has become a significant cost for developing countries. This pilot study gives an idea of the cost of AD in developing countries where determining the actual cost can be difficult.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Non tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in patients with underlying diseases: results obtained by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction enzyme analysis between 1997-2002.

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the frequency of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolated from clinical specimens using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Enzyme Analysis (PCR-REA) and to investigate the patients who had clinically significant NTM infections in our hospital through the five year period from May 1997 to June 2002. A total of 364 mycobacterial strains isolated from clinical specimens which gave positive growth index in the BACTEC 460 radiometric system in Hacettepe University Hospital Clinical Microbiology Laboratory were evaluated by PCR-REA and clinical data were obtained from the patient records. Three hundred and one of the strains (82.7%) were identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 63 (17.3%) were identified as nontuberculous mycobacteria. Seven (11.1%) of 63 NTM patients were regarded as having clinical mycobacteriosis. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other pre-existing lung diseases were seen in 39 (61.9%) of the patients, 11 (17.5%) of'the patients had chronic renal failure. Four (6.3%) and 9 (14.3%) of them had AIDS and carcinomas, respectively. PCR-REA was found to be a reliable method for typing of our mycobacterial isolates to the species level. These data may shed light on the epidemiology of the mycobacterial species and help to select a proper treatment regimen.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2003

Technetium-99m-tetrofosmin imaging with incremental nitroglycerin infusion to detect severely ischaemic but viable myocardium: a comparative study with thallium-201.

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of incremental nitroglycerin infusion (NTG+Inf) on the myocardial uptake of 99mTc-tetrofosmin (TF) in order to determine whether nitrates enhance the detection of viable myocardium with TF in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and left ventricular dysfunction. Fifty patients (39 males, 11 females; 54 +/- 11 years) with previous myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction, who had been referred for coronary revascularization procedures, were studied. Myocardial single-photon emission tomography (SPET) images were obtained 1 h after injection of 750 MBq TF at baseline and after NTG+Inf, using a 2 day protocol. NTG+Inf was performed starting at 0.4 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1), with equal increments every 5 min up to 2 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1). Within 1 week of the TF study, rest-redistribution (R-RD) 201Tl SPET was performed after the injection of 111 MBq 201Tl. For each study, quantitative analysis was performed in 17 segments. Viability was defined as the presence of tracer uptake of > 50% of the peak activity on baseline studies or reversibility. There was significant correlation between quantitative regional RD 201Tl activity and TF activity after NTG+Inf (r = 0.90, P < 0.001). Of the 131 segments with severely reduced tracer uptake on resting TF images, 34 (26%) were reversible, showing increased tracer uptake after NTG+Inf (from 41%+/-7% to 57%+/-12% of peak activity; P < 0.001). All reversible segments after NTG+Inf had viability criteria on 201Tl studies. There was 95% concordance between TF with NTG+Inf and RD 201Tl imaging with regard to the presence of myocardial viability. We conclude that TF imaging with incremental NTG+Inf improves the detection of ischaemic but viable myocardium, correlating with the viability criteria observed on 201Tl studies. When the advantages of TF imaging are considered, rest TF imaging with NTG+Inf may be a practical diagnostic protocol in patients with CAD and left ventricular dysfunction who are being considered for revascularization.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of microdilution and disc diffusion methods in assessing the in vitro activity of fluconazole and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against vaginal Candida isolates.

The in vitro activity of fluconazole and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil was evaluated against 99 vaginal Candida strains by the broth microdilution and disc diffusion methods. The microdilution method was performed in accordance with NCCLS-M27A guidelines. An investigational method was used for the disc diffusion test. Fluconazole and tea tree oil minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) obtained at 48 h tended to increase 1- to 2-fold or remain the same compared to 24 h readings for most of the isolates tested. C. krusei and C. norvegensis had significantly higher MICs and smaller inhibition zones for fluconazole compared to other species. Tea tree oil MICs were found to be similar, in general, for all Candida spp. tested. The geometric mean MIC of tea tree oil for all isolates was 2.2% (range, 0.25-4%) at 24 h and 3.0% (range, 1-8%) at 48 h. Tea tree oil mean inhibition zone diameter was 24 mm (range, 14-42 mm) at 24 h and 15.8 mm (range, 10-35 mm) at 48 h. In vitro activity of tea tree oil against fluconazole-resistant Candida strains was of particular interest. The isolates had similar tea tree oil MICs and inhibition zone diameters regardless of their fluconazole susceptibility profile. Tea tree oil MIC ranges (inhibition zone diameter ranges) were 2-4% (12-21 mm) and 2% (35 mm) at 48 h for C. krusei and C. norvegensis, respectively. These results suggest that tea tree oil MICs of the fluconazole-resistant isolates are comparable to those of fluconazole-susceptible isolates. This in vitro finding is promising for potential use of topical tea tree oil formulations in the treatment of candidiasis due to fluconazole-resistant strains.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2001

A statistical riverine litter propagation model.

A statistical riverine litter propagation (RLP) model based on importance sampling Monte Carlo (ISMC) simulation was developed in order to predict the frequency distribution of certain litter types in river reaches. The model was preliminarily calibrated for plastic sheeting by a pilot study conducted on the River Taff, Wales (UK). Litter movement was predominantly controlled by reach characteristics, such as vegetation overhang and water-course obstructions. These affects were modeled in the simulations, by utilizing geometric distributions of river reaches in the time domain. The proposed model satisfactorily simulated the dosing experiments performed at the River Taff. It was concluded from the preliminary calibrations that, the RLP model can be efficiently utilized to portray litter propagation at any arbitrarily selected river site, provided that the stream flows and reach characteristics are calibrated by representative probability distributions of similar sections. Therefore, the RLP model can be considered as a new statistical technique that can predict litter propagation in river sections.

Calibration↗
PubMed2001

Certain anatomical relations and the precise morphometry of the infraorbital foramen--canal and groove: an anatomical and cephalometric study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine and to standardize the certain anatomical relations, and the precise size, course, and location of the infraorbital foramen, canal, and groove for facilitating surgical and invasive procedures. STUDY DESIGN: This anatomical study consisted of two main steps, namely, the examination of skulls and the cephalometric analysis of the skulls. Measurements of the skulls and of the radiograms were performed. METHODS: Thirty-five adult bony heads (70 sides) were studied regarding the localization and dimensions of the infraorbital groove (IOG), infraorbital canal (IOC), and infraorbital foramen (IOF) as well as their relationships with different anatomical landmarks. The cephalometric analysis of the skulls was measured for evaluating the relationships of certain anatomical points and the distances of the skulls in the cephalometric analysis. For this purpose, 13 different distances and two angles were measured on anteroposterior and lateral craniographies. Differences between data of skull and cephalogram measurements were analyzed by the Student t test. The Pearson correlation test was used in the statistical analysis of the 15 values in the cephalogram. RESULTS: Examination of the 70 sides of the 35 bony heads revealed that the shape of the IOF was oval in 34.3%, round in 38.6%, and semilunar in 27.1% of all skulls. The IOF was single in 94.3% and double in 5.7% of the cases. The average distance from the IOF to the infraorbital margin and to the lateral process of the canine tooth in vertical direction and to the lateral nasal border in horizontal direction were 7.19 +/- 1.39 mm, 33.94 +/- 3.15, and 17.23 +/- 2.64 mm, respectively. In cephalometric analysis, when S-N (the distance between the center of the sella turcica and the nasion) and N-ANS (the distance between the nasion and the anterior nasal spine) distances were used as independent parameters for the linear analysis, the correlation of the three values for both independent parameters were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: While the IOF has no statistically significant changes with regard to the size of the skull, expressive changes take place in the course and the length of the IOG and IOC. Meticulous preoperative evaluation of the IOF and the route of the infraorbital nerve are necessary in patients who are candidates for maxillofacial surgery and regional block anesthesia. If these measurements are taken into account, there will be little surgical risk, and this will be helpful in identifying the extent of the operative field.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Comparison between rest technetium-99m-tetrofosmin and rest-redistribution thallium-201 SPECT in stable patients with healed myocardial infarction.

Resting (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin (TF) uptake was compared with thallium ((201)Tl) rest-redistribution (R-RD) uptake in patients with previous myocardial infarction (MI) and significant coronary artery disease (CAD) to assess the ability of TF to detect viable myocardium. We studied 30 patients (21 males and nine females, mean age 53.9+/-12.5 years) with prior MI and left ventricular dysfunction who had been referred for coronary revascularization procedures. Myocardial single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images were obtained 1 h after injection of 750 MBq of TF. Within 1 week of the TF study, R-RD (201)Tl SPECT imaging was performed after injection of 111 MBq of (201)Tl . Quantitative analysis was performed in 21 segments. Viability was defined as the presence of tracer uptake greater than 50% of the peak activity on baseline studies or after reversibility. There was significant correlation between the quantitative regional R-RD (201)Tl activity and the resting TF activity (r=0.88, P<0.001). Quantitative analysis showed that the uptake of the two tracers was comparable in normal segments as well as in segments with fixed (201)Tl defects. In contrast, in segments with reversible (201)Tl defects, TF uptake was significantly greater than resting (201)Tl uptake, but lower than R-RD (201)Tl uptake. There were 52 segments (47% of the severely reduced segments on TF images) that showed no viability with TF, but were viable on the redistribution (201)Tl studies. We conclude that quantitative resting TF SPECT underestimates the presence of viable myocardium compared with R-RD (201)Tl imaging on the basis of using 50% of the peak activity as the viability threshold.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Gastric outlet obstruction by a gallstone (Bouveret's syndrome).

Gastric outlet obstruction caused by a gallstone in the duodenum or pylorus(Bouveret's syndrome) is a very rare complication of gallstone disease. Presenting symptoms include epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. Preoperative diagnosis is not easy. Oral endoscopy is one of the diagnostic procedures. We present a case in which the diagnosis was made by endoscopic examination. Multiple attempts at endoscopic extraction of the gallstone from the duodenum were unsuccessful. A one-stage surgical procedure consisting of the removal of the impacted stone, fistula repair, and cholecystectomy was performed in this case. The postoperative course was uneventful.

Cholelithiasis↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of 120 mycobacterial strains isolated from clinical specimens to the species level by polymerase chain reaction-restriction enzyme analysis.

In this study, a total of 120 mycobacterial strains isolated from clinical specimens in Hacettepe University Hospital Clinical Pathology Laboratories were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-restriction enzyme analysis (PRA), which analyses the common mycobacterial heat shock protein gene (hsp65). 95 of 120 strains (79.1%) were identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 25 (20.8%) were identified as non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). M. gordonae I and IV were the most common NTM species (3.3% each) followed by M. chelonae (2.5%). Other NTM species isolated were M. gordonae III, M. avium, M. peregrinum (1.6%), M. fortuitum, M. flavescens, M. malmoense and M. mucogenicum (0.8%). Four isolates had PRA patterns that did not match any patterns previously described. The patients who had NTM had underlying diseases; the most frequent clinical diagnosis among these was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic renal failure. AIDS and pulmonary carcinoma were the other underlying diseases detected.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Effect of potential confounding factors on the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) trial frame count and its reproducibility.

BACKGROUND: The potential factors that introduce variability into TIMI frame count (TFC) have not been systematically investigated. The goal of this study was to determine if nitrate use, dye injection rate, catheter size, the phase of the cardiac cycle in which dye is injected, or heart rate affect the TFC and to investigate the reproducibility of the TFC. METHODS AND RESULTS: The dye injection rate was increased 1 mL/s, and angiography was repeated. A coronary angiogram was taken first with an 8F catheter and then with a 6F catheter. After taking angiograms, intracoronary nitrate was given to the patient, and the second angiography was performed. Basal heart rate was increased 20 beats/min, and angiography was repeated. Dye injection was performed at the beginning of systole and diastole. The TFC was not significantly changed by increasing the dye injection rate (P=0.467) or by changing catheter size (P=0.693). Nitrate administration significantly increased the TFC from 26.4+/-11.9 to 32.8+/-13.3 frames (P<0.001). Dye injection at the beginning of diastole significantly decreased the TFC from 30.1+/-8.8 to 24.4+/-7.9 frames (P<0.001) for the left coronary artery and from 24.16+/-4.49 to 21. 24+/-4.45 frames (P<0.001) for the right coronary artery. Increasing heart rate significantly decreased the TFC from 30.4+/-6.1 to 25. 3+/-7.2 frames (P<0.001). Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of the TFC was good (mean difference, 1.33+/-1.24 and 2.57+/-1.72 frames, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Nitrate use, heart rate, and the phase of the cardiac cycle in which dye is injected had significant effects on the TFC. Therefore, studies comparing TFC need to consider these factors, and the use of nitrates should be either standardized or randomized.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Effect of diabetes mellitus on formation of coronary collateral vessels.

BACKGROUND: Although myocardial ischemia is known to be significantly related to the development of coronary collateral vessels (CCVs), there is considerable variation between patients with ischemic heart disease in the presence of collateral development. The nature of this variability is not well known. Likewise, it remains unclear whether diabetes mellitus (DM) has any effect on CCVs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of DM on CCVs. METHODS AND RESULTS: Of the patients who underwent coronary angiography during the interval between March 1, 1993, and June 20, 1998, in our institution, 306 were diabetic. Those patients in whom coronary angiography is normal or severity of coronary artery stenosis is thought not to be sufficient for the development of CCVs (<75%) were excluded from the study. A total of 205 patients (mean age, 59+/-8 years) met the criteria for the DM group. For case-control matching, 205 consecutive nondiabetic patients (mean age, 58+/-9 years) who had >/=1 diseased vessel with >75% stenosis were included in the control group. The CCVs were graded according to the Rentrop scoring system, and the collateral score was calculated by summing the Rentrop numbers of every patient. There was no statistical difference between patients with and without DM in clinical baseline characteristics. The mean number of diseased vessels in the DM group (1.58+/-0.68) was higher than that in the nondiabetic group (1.42+/-0.65, P=0.005). The mean collateral score was 2.41+/-2.20 in the DM group and 2.60+/-2.39 in the control group. After confounding variables were controlled for, the collateral score in the diabetic group was significantly different from that in the nondiabetic group (P=0.034). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that CCV development is poorer in patients with than in patients without DM. Thus, we can speculate that DM is an important factor affecting CCV development.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Pharmacological profile of survivors of acute myocardial infarction at Turkish academic hospitals.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to document treatment profiles in 850 patients surviving acute myocardial infarction at 17 academic hospitals in Turkey. METHODS AND RESULTS: Pharmacological management data of acute myocardial infarction survivors were collected and divided into three categories: drugs which patients received before hospitalization, during the hospitalization, and at hospital discharge. Data regarding medical history, complications during hospitalization, MI extent (Q wave or non-Q wave), infarct location and diagnostic and revascularization procedures were also recorded. This study is based on the 850 patients who met the diagnostic criteria for initial acute MI in the period examined. Among 850 patients with myocardial infarction enrolled 408 (48%) received thrombolytic therapy. The median time interval from symptom onset to initiation of thrombolytic therapy was 196 min. The most commonly used thrombolytic agent was streptokinase (93%). Thrombolytic recipients were younger, and presented sooner after onset of symptoms. Among patients receiving thrombolytic therapy, concomitant pharmacotherapy included aspirin (95%), intravenous heparin (93%), intravenous nitroglycerin (91%), oral beta-blockers (44%), calcium channel antagonists (13%), and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (41%). The lipid lowering therapy was only used in 4% of all patients, and was given to 18% of patients with hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSION: Current usage rates of thrombolytic therapy in Turkey are lower than expected, but when compared with previous reports it increased. Although adjunctive treatment with intravenous heparin and intravenous nitroglycerin is usually used, beta-blockers appear to be underused and calcium channel blockers appear to be overused. The lipid reducing therapies were infrequently prescribed.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1999

Oral d,l sotalol reduces the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in coronary artery bypass surgery patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to assess the efficacy of preoperatively and postoperatively administered oral d,l sotalol in preventing the occurrence of postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF). BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia following coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Its etiology, prevention and treatment remain highly controversial. Furthermore, its associated morbidity results in a prolongation of the length of hospital stay post-CABG. METHODS: A total of 85 patients, of which 73 were to undergo CABG and 12 CABG plus valvular surgery (ejection fraction > or = 28% and absence of clinical heart failure), were randomized to receive either sotalol (40 patients; mean dose = 190 +/- 43 mg/day) started 24 to 48 h before open heart surgery and continued for four days postoperatively, or placebo (45 patients, mean dose = 176 +/- 32 mg/day). RESULTS: Atrial fibrillation occurred in a total of 22/85 (26%) patients. The incidence of postoperative AF was significantly (p = 0.008) lower in patients on sotalol (12.5%) as compared with placebo (38%). Significant bradycardia/hypotension, necessitating drug withdrawal, occurred in 2 of 40 (5%) patients on sotalol and none in the placebo group (p = 0.2). None of the patients on sotalol developed Torsade de pointes or sustained ventricular arrhythmias. Postoperative mortality was not significantly different in sotalol versus placebo (0% vs. 2%, p = 1.0). Patients in the sotalol group had a nonsignificantly shorter length of hospital stay as compared with placebo (7 +/- 2 days vs. 8 +/- 4 days; p = 0.24). CONCLUSIONS: The administration of sotalol, in dosages ranging from 80 to 120 mg, was associated with a significant decrease (67%) in postoperative AF in patients undergoing CABG without appreciable side effects. Sotalol should be considered for the prevention of postoperative AF in patients undergoing CABG in the absence of heart failure and significant left ventricular dysfunction.

Administration, Oral↗