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Biomedical subjects

A E George

Publications and source records attributed to A E George.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Ocular and systemic lesions in children with HIV.

The spectrum of ocular lesions in children with HIV infection is different from that seen in adults. Ocular lesions in pediatric AIDS patients have not been studied in India. We analyzed the clinical profile, demographic characteristics, ocular and systemic lesions in children with AIDS seen in a referral eye institute in India. The clinical profile and demographic features were studied and complete ocular examination was done. Systemic findings were evaluated at an AIDS care center and recorded in a precoded proforma. Out of the 218 cases of HIV infection seen at our hospital between December 1993 and October 1999, 12 (5.50%) were below 15 years of age. Seven (58.33%) were males and 5 (41.66%) were females with the mean age of 6.5 years and median age of 6.2 years. Vertical transmission was the most common mode of infection (58.33%). Seven (58.33%) of these patients had systemic infection, the most common being pulmonary tuberculosis (42.85%). Ocular lesions were found in 6 (50%) patients. The most common ocular lesions were anterior uveitis and cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV) (33%) followed by retinal detachment (16.66%) and vitreous hemorrhage (16.66%). High prevalence of ocular lesions in pediatric AIDS patients in India in a referral eye centre was observed. The most common lesions were anterior uveitis followed by CMV retinitis. The management in such cases was often challenging in a developing country like India.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2000

Ocular lesions associated with HIV infection in India: a series of 100 consecutive patients evaluated at a referral center.

PURPOSE: To document the ocular disorders seen in patients known to be infected with human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus at a referral eye clinic in India. METHODS: The first 100 individuals known to be HIV-positive at a referral eye clinic between 1993 and 1998 were enrolled in a prospective study. They underwent complete ocular and systemic evaluation. RESULTS: Most of the patients (76%) were in the 20-to 40-year age group. Heterosexual exposure to commercial sex workers was the most common risk factor (70%) for HIV infection. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis (17%) and HIV retinopathy (15%) were the most common HIV-associated ophthalmic lesions. Pulmonary tuberculosis (67%) and oropharyngeal candidiasis (66%) were the most commonly associated systemic infections. Ocular involvement was most common in children who contracted the disease through perinatal transmission (66.7%) and in homosexual patients (60%). Ocular involvement was comparatively less common in patients who contracted the disease through blood transfusions (33%) or exposure to commercial sex workers (24.3%). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the spectrum of ocular lesions associated with HIV infection in India is different from that seen elsewhere in the world. The prevalence of CMV retinitis and HIV retinopathy is lower in India, and there have been no cases of ocular Kaposi sarcoma. Adnexal infections, albeit rare, were seen in our series. The nonavailability and cost of therapy influenced the visual prognosis in these patients.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1998

Focal dilation and paradoxical collapse of cortical fissures and sulci in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus.

OBJECT: The authors describe a subgroup of patients with shunt-proven normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) who presented with focal fissural and sulcal dilation on imaging studies. The specific radiological features and methods of differentiating this condition from cortical atrophy are delineated. METHODS: Normal-pressure hydrocephalus has been described as dilation of the ventricles that is out of proportion to the sulci. Sulcal dilation has been taken as evidence of cortical atrophy and has even been used as a criterion to exclude patients from undergoing a shunting procedure. The authors describe five cases of patients with shunt-proven NPH who presented with focal dilation of cortical fissures and sulci. In three of the cases, there was a paradoxical decrease in the size of the dilated fissures and sulci that paralleled the decrease in the size of the lateral ventricles following successful shunting. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that focal fissural and sulcal dilation may represent reservoirs of cerebrospinal fluid analogous to the ventricular system. Patients should not be denied a shunting procedure solely on the basis of focally dilated fissures of sulci.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

MR differential diagnosis of normal-pressure hydrocephalus and Alzheimer disease: significance of perihippocampal fissures.

PURPOSE: In the older patient with dilated ventricles, it is often difficult to differentiate normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) from cerebral atrophy caused by Alzheimer disease (AD). This study was undertaken to see if dilatation of the perihippocampal fissures (PHFs) could be used as a distinguishing characteristic of these two disorders. METHODS: MR images of 17 patients with AD were compared with those from an equal number of patients with NPH who improved after ventriculoperitoneal shunting. The PHFs, lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and temporal horns were graded subjectively. Objective, computer-aided volumetric measurements of the PHFs and lateral ventricles were obtained. The preshunt images of the NPH patients were evaluated. RESULTS: Significant differences between the two groups were found for the PHFs and lateral ventricles by both the subjective and objective methods, with a high degree of correlation between the two methods. CONCLUSION: The degree of dilatation of PHFs appears to be a sensitive and specific marker for differentiating AD from NPH by both subjective and objective means, with a very small overlap between the two groups. This observation may have relevance in day-to-day practice.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Contribution of structural neuroimaging to the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

There is compelling evidence for the early involvement of the hippocampal formation in the natural history of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The evidence comes from recent neuropathology, neuropsychology, and neuroimaging studies. AD-type histopathologic changes limited to the hippocampus have been described and may be seen in normal aging subjects. The sites of maximal neuronal loss in the hippocampal formation are in the CA1, subiculum, and entorhinal cortex. Minimally cognitively impaired (MCI) individuals (defined by ratings of functional capacity and psychiatric symptomatology) exhibit a neuropsychological profile that is distinct from that of the unimpaired elderly. Pathologic evidence suggests that most of these cases already have AD brain changes accentuated in the hippocampal region, and our own longitudinal studies reveal that 70% of this group develop dementia within a 4-year period. We have developed a negative-angle axial view designed to cut parallel to the anterior-posterior plane of the hippocampus. Using this modified axial plane of section in conjunction with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we estimated the prevalence of hippocampal atrophy in normal aging and across severity levels of cognitively impaired elderly patients. Longitudinal study shows that hippocampal atrophy is a sensitive and specific predictor of future AD for patients with MCI. MRI volume study of AD patients, controls, and MCI patients shows specific hippocampal volume loss in MCI. We conclude that the atrophic changes associated with early AD can be visualized using qualitative techniques and are readily quantifiable with volumetry. This article is not intended to be comprehensive, but to provide an overview of some of the structural neuroimaging data from our laboratory.

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PubMed1997

Patterns of motor impairement in normal aging, mild cognitive decline, and early Alzheimer's disease.

In order to determine the relationship between cognitive dysfunction and motor behavior in older adults, 41 cognitively normal elderly (NL), 25 cases exhibiting mild cognitive impairment (MI), and 25 patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) were examined using a broad array to motor/psychomotor and cognitive tests. Relative to the NL group, MI individuals (at risk for future decline to AD) performed worse on tasks involving fine and complex motor function (e.g., tracking and manual dexterity). AD patients also exhibited motor dysfunction on tasks assessing relatively more rudimentary motor control. Motor tasks were able to distinguish NL vs MI and NL vs mild AD individuals as effectively as cognitive tests of memory and language. These results indicate that motor impairment is an important aspect of cognitive decline in older adults. Motor/psychomotor assessments may be comparably sensitive to traditional tests of cognitive function in identifying persons affected by the earliest stages of AD pathology.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

In vivo structural studies of the hippocampus in normal aging and in incipient Alzheimer's disease.

Population trends indicate that in the near future the size of the elderly population will increase. This will result in a large increment in the numbers of persons suffering mild to severe levels of cognitive impairment. While considerable efforts continue to be made to explain brain changes associated with Alzheimer disease (AD), little is known of the brain changes in aging without dementia or so-called normal aging. Pathologic studies suggest that the medial temporal lobe is informative in the examination of the early brain changes related to AD. However, pathologic studies only offer a single observation and considerable uncertainty exists regarding the likelihood of progression of disease and the development of dementia. Several structural neuroimaging studies have recently investigated this anatomy and recent reports are encouraging for a medial temporal lobe based diagnosis for age-related cognitive impairments. We will present our findings on the MRI anatomy of the hippocampal formation as well as data bearing on the use of hippocampal formation imaging in the diagnosis of AD and as a predictive marker for future dementia. Our findings suggest an anatomically specific relationship between hippocampal volume and secondary memory performance. Because these observations apply to nondemented and normal elderly subjects, we are encouraged that the anatomy of age-related cognitive impairments can be reliably recognized and possibly put to use in therapeutic studies.

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PubMed1996

Hippocampal formation size predicts declining memory performance in normal aging.

Hippocampal formation (HF) atrophy, although common in normal aging, has unknown clinical consequences. We used MRI to derive HF size measurements at baseline on 44 cognitively normal older adults entering a longitudinal study of memory function (mean age = 68.4 years, mean follow-up = 3.8 years). Only one subject became demented at follow-up. Multiple regression analyses controlling for age, gender, education, and diffuse cerebral atrophy revealed that HF size significantly predicted longitudinal change on memory tests previously found sensitive to decline in normal aging. These results indicate HF atrophy may be a risk factor for accelerated memory dysfunction in normal aging.

Aged↗