Physical stress induces different changes in immune parameters depending on effort schedule and/or customary physical training. The mechanisms whereby they take place and the occurrence of possible tolerance after repeated effort have not been conclusively elucidated. We studied short and medium-term exercise-induced changes in immune parameters after a standard physical effort (24' of cycle ergometer up to the 80% of maximal heart rate, daily for 5 days) in a group of healthy untrained controls. White Blood Cells, lymphocyte subsets, plasmatic catecholamine and cortisol levels, IgG and IL2receptor (IL2R) levels were determined. Most of the observed changes were strictly acute effort-related and disappeared within 3 hours (except for shifts in CD4+ CD45RA+ and CD4+ CD45RA- lymphocytes): they were concomitant to a transient sympathetic activation proved by heart rate (HR) and Norepinephrine (NE) increase. The medium-term effects of repeated daily effort included only a questionable rise in CD19+ and CD3+ CD4- CD8- cells. As far as possible tolerance mechanisms are concerned, we did not detect any change in either the direction or the entity of effort-induced changes in our controls after repeated effort. Study of strictly standardized exercise protocols is mandatory before clinical applications of physical activity in the approach to the treatment of disimmune diseases.

Adult↗

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Risk behaviours and HIV infection among men having sexual relations with men: baseline characteristics of participants in the Omega Cohort Study, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

OBJECTIVE: To describe characteristics of men having sex with men (MSM) participating in the Omega Cohort, to describe HIV-positive participants at baseline interview, and to estimate HIV incidence. METHODS: The Omega Cohort is a study on the incidence and psychosocial determinants of HIV infection among MSM living in Montreal. MSM complete a questionnaire and are tested for HIV every six months. RESULTS: During the previous six months, 31% and 12% of 810 participants (mean age = 33 years) reported unprotected anal sex with regular and casual partners, respectively. Eight participants (0.98%) were HIV-infected at baseline. HIV incidence was 0.89 per 100 person-years (7/787 person-years) [95% confidence interval: 0.36-1.83]. CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of participants reported current risk behaviours. Despite this, HIV incidence is relatively low. It is important to target MSM who do not practice safe sex and to encourage those practicing safe sex to sustain these behaviours.

Adult↗

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[Bilateral rupture of the ureters and cancer of the prostate].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Humans↗

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[The definition of a reference protocol for the clinical study of vertigo drugs].

The aim of this paper is to define the problems that arise in the clinical evaluation of drugs for the treatment of vertigo. Among these are the objective criteria used in defining vertigo and those used in evaluating efficacy of the drugs. The resulting protocol for a clinical study of vestibular drugs is a document that clarifies the debated points in the field, and above all furnishes guidelines for establishing uniformity in clinical studies. This, therefore, may become the reference protocol in Italy for clinical evaluations of drugs for the treatment of vertigo.

Clinical Protocols↗

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Report on the Belgian consensus meeting on colorectal cancer screening.

Screening and prevention of colorectal cancer must be a public health priority. It is the most frequent malignancy in Europe, the second leading cause of cancer death, including Belgium where more than 6000 new cases occur per year. Various screening modalities, from non invasive to invasive are available and currently in use and they are all cost-effective in comparison with no screening. The decision as to which screening test to use should be made by the patient and clinician. Consensus documents prepared by the Belgian scientific community appear in this issue of Acta Gastroenterologica Belgica, summarizing the scientific evidence in favour as well as the limitations of fecal occult blood tests, flexible sigmoidoscopy, videocolonoscopy and virtual colonoscopy.

Belgium↗

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