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Biomedical subjects

A Diallo

Publications and source records attributed to A Diallo.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Early detection of viral excretion from experimentally infected goats with peste-des-petits ruminants virus.

We observed 15 goats for 9 days after subcutaneous infection with 10(3) TCID(50) with isolates of peste-des-petits ruminants virus from Africa and India and five concurrent, uninfected control goats. Typical clinical signs of the infection were present in all 15 infected goats by day 8 and in most by day 6 and some signs were present by day 4. However, 6 out of 15 goats already have detectable virus shedding by day 3 and four more were shedding by day 4 and every goat had virus shedding for at least 1 day before the recognition of clinical signs. This experiment indicates that incubatory carriers therefore might play a role in the transmission of PPRV among small ruminants.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed2006

Early short-term infant food supplementation, maternal weight loss and duration of breast-feeding: a randomised controlled trial in rural Senegal.

OBJECTIVE: Early supplementation of breastfed infants may have consequences both for the mother and the child. We hypothesised that it would result in decreased maternal weight loss and in shorter durations of breastfeeding and birth intervals. DESIGN: Controlled randomised population-based trial. SETTING: Six villages in the Sine area of Senegal, West Africa. SUBJECTS: Healthy breastfed infants and their mothers, 68 controls and 66 supplemented infants at randomization. INTERVENTION: Supplementation with high-energy, nutrient dense food from 4 to 7 months of age, twice daily under supervision of field workers. Both controls and supplemented infants were free to eat other complementary foods. Maternal weight was measured monthly. Dates of breastfeeding cessation and of subsequent births were collected prospectively through weekly demographic surveillance, and were analysed using Cox's regression models and 'intent-to-supplement' approach. RESULTS: Mean maternal weight gain from 4 to 7 months postpartum tended to be greater in the supplemented group (+0.25 kg/months, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.07, +0.57). Supplemented infants were breastfed for significantly longer durations than controls (medians: 24.9 and 23.7 months, respectively, P: 0.034). Their adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for breastfeeding cessation was 0.59 (95% CI: 0.40, 0.89). Their mothers had a lower risk of a new birth than mothers of controls (adjusted HR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Early short-term infant supplementation tended to decrease maternal postpartum weight loss, but it increased, rather than shortened, the duration of breastfeeding and birth interval. SPONSORSHIP: This study was supported by a grant from the French Ministry of Research (Grant 92L0623).

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Factors linked to delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in Conakry (Guinea)].

Untreated smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis constitutes a reservoir of infection which is highly contagious. The present study was conducted in Conakry, Guinea, to determine the different options which are available when seeking treatment or care, and to ascertain the average delay in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and the main factors linked to the delay in diagnosis after the initial onset of symptoms. Through a cross-sectional study, 113 consecutive patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis were interviewed through the use of a questionnaire. The median total delay from the onset of symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis until the diagnosis was 11 weeks. This delay period exceeded 4 weeks for 90 of the patients (80%). The average delay linked to the conventional health care system was double that of the one at the fault of the patient (6 weeks versus 3 weeks, respectively). 54% of the patients had initially resorted to non-conventional care. To shorten this mean delay period, it is necessary to both strengthen the professional abilities and skills which train for one to better to detect tuberculosis and to sensitize the population to the subject matter and information on the illness and its symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Sickle cell disease and retinal damage: a study of 38 cases at the African Tropical Ophthalmology Institute (IOTA) in Bamako].

The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate retinal damage in patients with sickle cell disease and its links with the different genotypic forms of the disease in patients consulting at the African Tropical Ophthalmology Institute (IOTA). A total of 38 patients with the HbS gene were included over a 12-month study period. Retinal damage was assessed by a computerised angiofluorography in 31 patients. Of the 38 patients studied, 71% had sickle cell disease (SC), 21% had sickle cell trait (AS) and 8% had sickle cell anemia (SS). Sixty-eight percent of patients (n = 21) presented sickle cell retinopathy. The age group with the highest prevalence of proliferative neovascularisation was between 26 and 35 years. Retinopathy was more frequent in SC patients than AS patients: 90% (n = 19) versus 10% (n = 2). None of the 3 SS patients presented retinopathy. Retinal neovascularisation was the most common finding in the 27 affected eyes. This study confirms the frequency and severity of retinal damage in patients with the HbS haemoglobin, particularly among young people with double heterozygous disease (SC) in the tropical African environment. Treatment of this disorder is largely unavailable to patients in sub-Saharan Africa except at the major eye care centres. An early screening and management programme for retinal damage related to SC would reduce ocular complications and optimise visual efficiency in these young active patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Development of a framework for international certification by OIE of diagnostic tests validated as fit for purpose.

Historically, the OIE has focused on test methods applicable to trade and the international movement of animals and animal products. With its expanding role as the World Organisation for Animal Health, the OIE has recognised the need to evaluate test methods relative to specific diagnostic applications other than trade. In collaboration with its international partners, the OIE solicited input from experts through consultants' meetings on the development of guidelines for validation and certification of diagnostic assays for infectious animal diseases. Recommendations from the first meeting were formally adopted and have subsequently been acted upon by the OIE. A validation template has been developed that specifically requires a test to be fit or suited for its intended purpose (e.g. as a screening or a confirmatory test). This is a key criterion for validation. The template incorporates four distinct stages of validation, each of which has bearing on the evaluation of fitness for purpose. The OIE has just recently created a registry for diagnostic tests that fulfil these validation requirements. Assay developers are invited to submit validation dossiers to the OIE for evaluation by a panel of experts. Recognising that validation is an incremental process, tests methods achieving at least the first stages of validation may be provisionally accepted. To provide additional confidence in assay performance, the OIE, through its network of Reference Laboratories, has embarked on the development of evaluation panels. These panels would contain specially selected test samples that would assist in verifying fitness for purpose.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of the virulence of some strains of peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) in experimentally infected West African dwarf goats.

Different isolates of peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) from outbreaks in Africa and India were investigated for virulence in West African dwarf goats in the Ivory Coast. Six groups of five animals received a virulent suspension of various strains of virus at a concentration of 10(3) TCID(50)/mL and the goats were observed for 15 days after infection. The Côte-d'Ivoire 89 (CI89), Guinea Conakry and Bissau Guinea PPRV strains caused a peracute disease; the India-Calcutta strain caused acute disease; the Sudan-Sennar strain produced an acute to mild disease, while the Nigeria 75/1 wild-type strain caused a mild disease and the animals recovered. The viruses studied contained examples of PPRV from specific lineage groups based on their nucleoprotein PPRV gene. This experiment indicated that virulence characteristics might be a useful marker to help classify PPRV isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Cranial and cervical vertebral mycetoma. Report of three cases].

Mycetomas inflammatory-like tumors presenting as fistulas found in the skin and soft tissues. Inoculation, generally in tropical areas, occurs by skin injury. The foot is the main infection site. Other uncommon infection sites include the cranial and cervical areas which are rare. We present three cases of cranial and cervical mycetoma. Clinical sign were dominated by headache, cervical pain and cervico-occipital tumefaction with formation of pus and granules (red in two cases, black in one). A motor deficit was noted in one patient. Radiographic examinations including CT scan showed extensive mass lesions, associated with bone destruction. Laboratory tests identified Leptospheria senegalensis in one patient and Actinomadura pelletieri in two. A medicosurgical procedure was performed. The course was unfavourable in one patient. Several factors are important for treating such infections: early diagnosis, improvement of the social and economic environment, use of new drugs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Appraisal of snakebite incidence in Senegal, West Africa].

Surveys were carried out in four savannah areas of Senegal. The studied zones had different climatic, economic and demographic characteristics. Two types of studies were performed: on the one hand, a retrospective survey carried out in health centres and, on the other, household surveys in the corresponding areas; all households were questioned in Niakhar, but only selected households in other areas following WHO method of cluster survey for vaccine coverage. Questions involved the circumstances of the bite, symptoms and treatment. The retrospective survey reported very few cases of snakebites over the prospected period. In addition, two zones of surveys were population study areas under observation since more than 20 years and, it has been possible to check certain information in the data base. In the first zone, Thies, a sub-urban area (population density higher than 150 inhabitants per km2), primarily occupied by fruit plantations (mangos, oranges, lemons) and gardens, the annual incidence of snakebites (i.e. all snakebites including those without any symptoms) reached 43 bites per 100,000 and mortality was 1.8 deaths per 100,000. In the study zone of Niakhar, located in the groundnut culture area of Senegal which is also highly populated (130 inhabitants per km2), the incidence of snakebites was 23 bites per 100,000 and mortality was close to 1.8 deaths per 100,000 a year. The area of Nioro du Rip is a mixed agricultural area (food producing and revenue agriculture) and less populated (100 inhabitants per km2). The annual incidence was roughly of 304 per 100,000 and the mortality 3.6 per 100,000. Finally, the fourth area, Bandafassi in the extreme South-East of Senegal is a mountainous zone exclusively occupied by bush and food producing agriculture, and sparsely populated (20 inhabitants per km2). The incidence was 915 per 100,000 and the mortality 11 deaths per 100,000. The population at risk involved males from 15 to 45 years. Pastoral work (agriculture and breeding) was at the origin of the majority of the accidents. The recourse to traditional practitioners was systematic, which explained why the data from the health centers were not relevant enough to evaluate the importance of the envenoming.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Surveillance of wildlife as a tool for monitoring rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants in West Africa.

The authors provide a report on the surveillance of rinderpest virus (RPV) and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in the wildlife population in Côte d'Ivoire. For this purpose, 266 animals from nine different species, selected according to susceptibility and abundance, were captured and sampled from Comoé, Marahoué and Lamto Parks. Two hundred and forty seven sera and 214 nasal swabs were collected and analysed by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques, respectively. Serological data demonstrated that RPV was not circulating within the national Parks and estimated the PPR seroprevalence to be less than 1%. The analysis of the nasal swabs revealed no cases of RPV infection, but PPRV infection was detected in four species, including buffalo. To minimise the cost of the study without affecting the sensitivity of the test, samples were pooled into different groups and submitted to RT-PCR using nucleoprotein gene specific primers. The RT-PCR used in this study, which was derived from the method developed by Couacy-Hymann et al. in 2002, was followed by a hybridisation step using internal specific probes to confirm the identity of the deoxyribonucleic acid product. When used in conjunction with a cELISA this method accurately demonstrated the absence of rinderpest viral persistence in Côte-d'Ivoire.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed2004

[Obstacles in the management of pesticides intoxication in Senegal: about a case of malathion autolysis].

Pesticides are widely used inSenegal as in others africans countries. This situation facilitate occurrence of intoxications, whose management is limited by unavailability of antidotes. We report a case of acute pesticide intoxication in a suicide attempt by a girl of thirteen. The clinical evaluation showed a coma with advanced muscarinic and nicotinic syndrome. The absence of antidotes in the country limited the care management to atropine administration and reanimation measures. The evolution was positive in few days and the patient referred to pediatrics in order to be clinically and psychologically managed. The positive evolution should not hide the necessity for the country to make available all antidotes of toxic substances and to implement Poison Control Centre in order to improve medical management of poisoned people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Development of a dual recombinant vaccine to protect small ruminants against peste-des-petits-ruminants virus and capripoxvirus infections.

A recombinant capripoxvirus vaccine containing a cDNA of the peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) fusion protein gene was constructed. A quick and efficient method was used to select a highly purified recombinant virus clone. A trial showed that a dose of this recombinant as low as 0.1 PFU protected goats against challenge with a virulent PPRV strain.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2003

Control of peste des petits ruminants: classical and new generation vaccines.

Peste des Petits Ruminants is a highly contagious disease of domestic and wild small ruminants. It seems to be the major constraint in the development of small ruminant production in areas where it is endemic. Included in the list A of the International Zoosanitary Code, it is also part of the FAO EMPRESS programme. Classically, it is characterised by fever, nasal and ocular discharges, diarrhoea, respiratory distress, mucosal erosive lesions and death in 40-80% of acute cases. All these clinical signs, apart from the respiratory symptoms, are very similar to those of rinderpest. The causal agents of both diseases are closely related and belong to the Morbillivirus genus. In the absence of homologous vaccine, and taking advantage of the close relationship between the two viruses, the attenuated tissue culture rinderpest vaccine has been used for a long time to protect small ruminants against PPR. At the end of 1980s, a PPRV strain was successfully attenuated by serial passages in Vero cells. Demonstrated to be very efficient in the protection of sheep and goats against a virulent challenge, this avirulent PPRV is now widely used in the control of PPR. Its thermostability has been dramatically improved by freeze drying. However, animals inoculated with this vaccine cannot be distinguished serologically from those infected with the wild type viruses. With the reverse genetics technique, it is now possible to engineer PPR marker vaccines which can allow such a differentiation. The genes of the PPRV immune protective proteins, the fusion and the haemagglutinin proteins, have been introduced into the genome of a capripox vaccine strain. The generated viruses have proved to be effective as a dual vaccine to protect against two major diseases of small ruminants: peste des petits ruminants and capripox infections.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Peste des petits ruminants has been widely present in southern India since, if not before, the late 1980s.

Because previous authorities had suggested that small ruminants were playing a part in the dissemination of rinderpest, and a rinderpest-eradication campaign was about to begin, it was necessary to make precise virus identifications from a number of small-ruminant "rinderpest" outbreaks. When this was done using a database created from passive disease reports, we found that epidemics-reportedly due to rinderpest-were in fact due to peste des petits ruminants (PPRs). Although such cases had been common in India for a number of years, earlier clinical and laboratory reports no longer should be regarded as definitive. PPR outbreaks have been frequent in recent years. Further, we suggest that PPR is not a recent invader of India.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Surgery for pulmonary hydatid cyst in Mali].

INTRODUCTION: The pulmonary hydatid disease has not been the subject of many studies in Mali. OBJECTIVE: List the cases hydatid cyst of the lung operated on in Mali, in order to analyze their surgical aspects. METHODS AND PATIENTS: This is a retrospective study of consecutive and non-selected cases. From 1960 to 2000, eleven cases of the pulmonary hydatid disease were operated on in Mali. The earliest case dates back to 1968 and the most recent was in 2000. All of these patients were taken care of at the "Point G Hospital" in Bamako. RESULTS: Patients were aged between 4 and 42 years, with an estimated average at 20. The gender ratio (F/M) was 1.75. The circumstance leading to the discovery stems from 8 cases of cough. Seven patients had at least a sign of complicated cyst. Out of a total of 12 cysts, 9 were located to the right lung. The treatment of the cyst consisted in a kystectomy accompanied by an atypical resection of the parenchyma on 6 patients and a typical resection of the attacked lobe on 5 others. The operating effects were complicated in 5 cases. No mortality was reported. Anatomopathology confirmed pulmonary hydatidosis in all cases. CONCLUSION: Paradoxically, the frequency of pulmonary hydatidosis is low in Mali. Patients were consulted late. This explains in part the high level of lobectomy during surgical treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Rapid and sensitive detection of peste des petits ruminants virus by a polymerase chain reaction assay.

A rapid and specific test was developed for the diagnosis of peste des petits ruminants disease. This assay is based on the rapid purification of RNA on glass beads followed by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). To that effect, a set of primers (NP3/NP4) was used to amplify specifically a fragment of about 350 bp in the 3' end of the RNA messenger that encodes the nucleocapsid protein of the peste des petits ruminants virus. The PCR-product was detected by UV illumination after electrophoresis on agarose gel or by hybridisation with a digoxigenin-11-dUTP labelled oligonucleotide probe after a blot transfer. In comparison with the conventional titration technique on Vero cells, this RT-PCR assay was 1000-fold more sensitive. Compared with the popular Chomczynski and Sacchi's method [Anal. Biochem. 162 (1987) 156], the purification of the RNA on the glass beads offers the advantage of being more rapid and also avoiding the use of solvents.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Goat immune response to capripox vaccine expressing the hemagglutinin protein of peste des petits ruminants.

Sheep-pox and capripox are contagious diseases of domestic small ruminants for which the causal agent is a poxvirus classified into the Capripoxvirus genus. Viruses of this group have a host range specific to sheep, goats, cattle, and possibly buffalo. Thus, they are clearly indicated as vectors for the development of recombinant vaccines for peste des petits ruminants (PPR). Here we report the immune response of goats inoculated with a recombinant capripox-PPR hemagglutinin.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Evaluation of snake bite incidence in the Sahelian zone of Senegal, example of Niakhar].

An exhaustive household survey was carried out in the study zone of Niakhar, a rural sahelian area in Senegal 150 km east of Dakar. Results were compared with those of the data base updated quarterly since 1983 and to the notifications of snakebites in the 7 health centres of the zone (130 inhabitants per km2). The questionnaire related to the snakebites (identification of victims, circumstances of bite, symptoms and treatment). The annual incidence was low (23 bites per 100,000 inhabitants) as the morbidity (by 20 envenomations per 100,000). The case fatality rate was relatively high (7%) and there were 1.5 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants per year. Males were more often bitten than females (1.8:1). Field work (agriculture and breeding) induced about half of the accidents. Traditional practitioners were systematically consulted by over 93% of victims. This explains why collecting data from health centre registers is not sufficient to estimate the importance of envenomations in this area.

Adolescent↗