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Biomedical subjects

A Daly

Publications and source records attributed to A Daly.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Metabolic gene polymorphism frequencies in control populations.

Using the International Project on Genetic Susceptibility to Environmental Carcinogens (GSEC) database containing information on over 15,000 control (noncancer) subjects, the allele and genotype frequencies for many of the more commonly studied metabolic genes (CYP1A1, CYP2E1, CYP2D6, GSTM1, GSTT1, NAT2, GSTP, and EPHX) in the human population were determined. Major and significant differences in these frequencies were observed between Caucasians (n = 12,525), Asians (n = 2,136), and Africans and African Americans (n = 996), and some, but much less, heterogeneity was observed within Caucasian populations from different countries. No differences in allele frequencies were seen by age, sex, or type of controls (hospital patients versus population controls). No examples of linkage disequilibrium between the different loci were detected based on comparison of observed and expected frequencies for combinations of specific alleles.

Black People↗
PubMed1999

Iron supplemented formula milk related to reduction in psychomotor decline in infants from inner city areas: randomised study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of unmodified cows' milk and iron supplemented formula milk on psychomotor development in infants from inner city areas when used as the main milk source. DESIGN: Double blind, randomised intervention trial. SETTING: Birmingham health centre. SUBJECTS: 100 infants, mean age 7.8 months (range 5.7 to 8.6 months), whose mothers had already elected to use unmodified cows' milk as their infant's milk source. INTERVENTION: Changing to an iron supplemented formula milk from enrolment to 18 months of age, or continuing with unmodified cows' milk. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Developmental assessments using Griffiths scales at enrolment and at 18 and 24 months. RESULTS: 85 participants completed the trial. There were no significant differences in haemoglobin concentration between the two groups at enrolment, but by 18 months of age 33% of the unmodified cows' milk group, but only 2% of the iron supplemented group, were anaemic (P<0.001). The experimental groups had Griffiths general quotient scores that were not significantly different at enrolment, but the scores in both groups declined during the study. By 24 months the decrease in the mean scores in the unmodified cows' milk group was 14.7 whereas the decrease in the mean scores in the iron supplemented group was 9.3 (P<0.02, 95% confidence interval 0.4 to 10.4). Mean subquotient scores were considerably lower in the unmodified cows' milk group at 24 months; significantly so for personal and social scores (P<0.02, 1.2 to 16.8 [corrected]). CONCLUSION: Replacing unmodified cows' milk with an iron supplemented formula milk up to 18 months of age in infants from inner city areas prevents iron deficiency anaemia and reduces the decline in psychomotor development seen in such infants from the second half of the first year.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed1999

The development of Graves' disease and the CTLA-4 gene on chromosome 2q33.

Case-control studies suggest that the CTLA-4 gene may be a susceptibility locus for Graves' disease. The previously reported A/G polymorphism at position 49 in exon 1 of the CTLA-4 gene was, therefore, investigated in a case-control (n = 743) and family-based (n = 179) dataset of white Caucasian subjects with Graves' disease. The relationship between CTLA-4 genotype and severity of thyroid dysfunction at diagnosis was also investigated. An increase in frequency of the G (alanine) allele was seen in Graves' patients compared with control subjects (42% vs. 31.5%, respectively; corrected P<0.0002; odds ratio = 1.58), and a significant difference in the distribution of GG, GA, and AA genotypes was observed between the groups (chi2 = 21.7; corrected P<0.00003). Increased transmission of the G allele was seen from heterozygous parents to affected offspring compared to unaffected offspring (chi2 = 5.7; P = 0.025). Circulating free T4 concentrations at diagnosis were significantly associated with CTLA-4 genotype (F = 3.26; P = 0.04). These results support the hypothesis that CTLA-4 may play a role in regulating self-tolerance by the immune system and in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders such as Graves' disease.

Abatacept↗
PubMed1998

Alcohol consumption and injury in Western Australia: a spatial correlation analysis using geographic information systems.

Geographic information systems technology was used to describe, in geographical terms, the nature and strength of the relationship in Western Australia between alcohol consumption and the rates of related injury: night-time assaults (10 p.m. to 6 a.m.); minor night-time road crashes (10 p.m. to 6 a.m.), weighted by traffic density; and hospital E-code (external-cause) morbidity, weighted by alcohol aetiologic fractions. The data were aggregated by five conventional state regions: northern, central, western, southern and Perth metropolitan. There was a general association, of equal significance for males and females, between estimated per capita alcohol consumption and the selected rates of injury in the five regions. However, the nature and strength of association between alcohol consumption and individual injury measures varied. Night-time assaults and hospital E-code morbidity were strongly, associated with consumption. Minor night-time crashes had only a weak association. The variation in the relationship between alcohol consumption and injury suggests that prevention strategies need to take into account the particular drinking patterns and associated harm that occur in different regions of the state, and to develop a range of targeted responses. High rates of consumption and injury in most country areas support the need for greater regional prevention efforts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Consumption of different alcoholic beverages as predictors of local rates of night-time assault and acute alcohol-related morbidity.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether population levels of consumption of some alcoholic beverages are more closely associated with levels of harm than others, particularly if consumption of cask wine is more strongly related to rates of acute alcohol problems than consumption of bottled wine as a consequence of the extremely low rates of federal tax levied on the former. METHOD: A database of alcohol consumption and related problems was established for 130 areas of Western Australia. Demographic and economic data for these areas were included from the 1991 census. Empirically derived assumptions regarding the mean wholesale price of cask and bottled wine were utilised. Regression analyses examined the extent to which the consumption of different alcoholic beverages predicted levels of major varieties of harm. RESULTS: Only cask wine and high-strength beer consumption were significantly associated with rates of night-time assault; consumption of all beverage varieties except bottled wine was significantly associated with rates of acute alcohol-related morbidity. Further analyses, which included controls for an effect of total alcohol consumption, confirmed the pronounced contributions of cask wine and high-strength beer to rates of night assaults and acute alcohol-related morbidity. The proportion of all alcohol consumed as low-alcohol beer was significantly negatively associated with these harms. CONCLUSIONS: The beverages most associated with rates of night-time assaults and acute alcohol-related morbidity are those with the lowest federal taxation per standard drink, i.e. cask not bottled wine and regular-strength not low-alcohol beer.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Linkage disequilibrium between the human leukocyte antigen class II region of the major histocompatibility complex and Graves' disease: replication using a population case control and family-based study.

Early case control studies found association of the DRB1 allele, DR3, with Graves' disease (GD). Recent reports, claim the DQA1 allele, DQA1*0501, to be the primary susceptibility determinant within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II region. We typed 228 GD patients, 364 controls, and 98 families (parents, GD, and unaffected sibling) at the DRB1, DQB1, and DQA1 loci. The case control study showed an increased frequency in GD, compared to controls, of DRB1*0304 (47% vs. 24%; pc < 1.4 x 10(-5)), DQB1*02 (58% vs. 46%; pc < 0.035), DQB1*0301/4 (42% vs. 28%; pc < 3.5 x 10(-3)) and DQA1*0501 (67%, vs. 39%; pc < 7 x 10(-6)). The DRB1*0304-DQB1*02-DQA1*0501 haplotype was increased in GD (47%) vs. controls (24%; pc < 1.8 x 10(-5); odds ratio = 2.72). No independent association of these alleles was observed. Preferential transmission of DRB1*0304-DQB1*02-DQA1*0501 from parents heterozygous for the haplotype to GD siblings (72%) was seen in the families (chi2 = 11.95; 1 d.f.; P = 0.0005). Lack of preferential transmission to unaffected siblings (53%; chi2 = 0.19; 1 d.f.; P = NS) excluded segregation distortion. These results show that linkage disequilibrium between GD and the HLA class II region is due to the extended haplotype DRB1*0304-DQB1*02-DQA1*0501.

Alleles↗
PubMed1998

Indigenous female sole parents, a preliminary analysis of 1996 Census data.

"This paper presents a preliminary analysis of 1996 [Australian] Census data relating to female indigenous sole parents. It confirms results from the 1991 Census which show that sole-parent families account for a larger share of indigenous families than is the case among other Australian families. Indigenous female sole parents tend to be younger and to have larger numbers of children and less education. They are also less likely to be in employment than other Australian sole parents."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Prevention of anaemia in inner-city toddlers by the use of a follow-on formula.

Results of research into preventing iron-deficiency anaemia in inner-city toddlers, published in full in Archives of Disease in Childhood (1996; 75: 9-16), are discussed by the authors. In a prospective study, 100 infants already receiving pasteurised cow's milk by six months old were randomly divided into two groups, one to receive a follow-on formula and the other to continue on cow's milk until aged 18 months. At 18 months one-third of the cow's milk group were anaemic compared with 2% of the formula group. The authors consider that if the same volume of standard infant formula had been given instead of a follow-on formula, substantially fewer of the children would have reached the correct reference nutrient intake for iron.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed1996

Prevention of anaemia in inner city toddlers by an iron supplemented cows' milk formula.

There are few data to support the use of follow-on formulas in infants from the age of 6 months. In a prospective trial in a deprived inner city area of Birmingham 100 infants who were already receiving pasteurised cows' milk by 6 months of age were enrolled and randomised either to receive a follow-on formula or to continue on cows' milk from 6 months until 18 months. At 18 months of age the follow-on formula group returned to cows' milk and both groups were followed up until 24 months. Iron status, growth, and nutritional status were analysed at intervals of six months. At enrollment, no differences in haematological status were evident. However, by 12 months of age, 31% of the cows' milk group were anaemic (haemoglobin concentration < 110 g/l) compared with only 3% of those receiving follow-on formulas. At 18 months, 33% of the cows' milk group were anaemic compared with only 2% of the follow-on formula group and by 24 months of age none of the follow-on formula group was anaemic, whereas 26% in the cows' milk group still had a haemoglobin of < 110 g/l. Mean corpuscular volume was significantly smaller and ferritin significantly lower in the cows' milk group at 12, 18, and 24 months. Dietary iron intake was higher in the follow-on formula group at 12 and 18 months but not at 24 months, when both groups were back on cows' milk. Infants and toddlers at high risk of iron deficiency are therefore unlikely to become anaemic if receiving a follow-on formula, although the relative merits of follow-on formula compared with an ordinary infant formula remain uncertain.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed1994

Drug-induced neutropenia due to direct effects on CFU-C--ten years of culture experience.

Seventeen patients with suspected drug-induced neutropenia were referred to our laboratory for investigation within a 10-year period. In each case, the suspected drugs were incorporated separately into in vitro cultures of the patients' bone marrow. The cultures were performed in triplicate, using multiple controls. In 10 of these patients a drug-induced inhibition of CFU-C was demonstrated in vitro. The in vitro culture technique is a valuable investigation in patients with suspected drug-induced neutropenia, as it can help identify the causative agent, especially in cases of multidrug administration. It also has a useful application in allowing the clinician to predict drugs to which a patient may be unduly sensitive, and prescribe accordingly.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The isolation and characterisation of plant sequences homologous to human hypervariable minisatellites.

We have isolated DNA probes, homologous to the human hypervariable minisatellite sequence 33.15, from the genome of rice (Oryza sativa). These probes are capable of producing a multilocus rice DNA fingerprint. The rice sequence has a tandem repeating structure based on a 12 bp GC-rich repeat which shows homology to its human counterpart. This probe detects up to 30 loci which are at a number of unlinked chromosomal sites. The GC-rich sequence is invariably associated with an open reading frame (ORF) of unknown function. The ORF is probably a member of a small multigene family.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Women in the workforce and family structure in Australia.

"The purpose of this paper is to set out some of the changes that have taken place in the economic status of women in Australia and to discuss the relationship between economic factors and family structure. I look to the position of women in the workforce and examine some of the possible explanations for the increase in female participation. These include the increase in the female wage, demographic changes and changes in the industrial composition of the economy. In a final section, I examine some of the evidence for the effect of economic variables, particularly the wage, on fertility."

Australia↗