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Biomedical subjects

A D Milner

Publications and source records attributed to A D Milner.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Interhemispheric pathways in simple reaction time to lateralized light flash.

In two experiments, simple reaction time to left-field or right-field stimulation was measured as a function of light intensity. The response made on each trial in Experiment 1 was a finger movement, and in Experiment 2 a spoken word. In Experiment 1, the advantage of "uncrossed" over "crossed" reaction times remained invariant across intensities. In Experiment 2, however, the advantage of right over left visual-field stimuli in eliciting a vocal reaction varied inversely with intensity. It is suggested that the use of vocal reactions may permit an estimation of a visual commissural transmission time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Interference effects of verbal and spatial tasks on simple visual reaction time.

Simple reaction times to lateralized light flash stimulation were measured in normal right-handers either with or without a concurrent task. In agreement with a previous report, a counting backwards task resulted in a substantial RT slowing which affected right-side stimuli more than left. Contrary to expectation, however, a tactual orientation discrimination task resulted in RT slowing which affected right-hand responses more than left, with no visual asymmetry.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Simple reaction times to lateralized visual stimuli in a case of callosal agenesis.

Simple reaction times (RTs) of a young acallosal woman were measured using three different intensity levels of the visual stimulus. It was found that "'crossed" stimulus/hand combinations yielded finger RTs about 20 msec longer, on average, than "uncrossed" combinations. In addition, an inverse relation was found between stimulus intensity and the magnitude of this crossed/uncrossed difference in RT. It was also found that vocal RTs displayed a large advantage (18 msec) for right visual-field stimulation. It is suggested that the stimulus information in crossed finger reactions must cross the midline through visually-coded neurones in the acallosal brain.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Causes and management of bronchiolitis with chronic obstructive features.

During the last 4 years we have seen 13 children with a severe bronchiolitis. The children have had prolonged respiratory illnesses waxing and waning over many months, often requiring oxygen therapy for long periods. The diagnosis is based on a clinical picture similar to acute bronchiolitis, but persisting for months, frequently associated with failure to thrive, coupled with lung function evidence of hyperinflation and airways obstruction but normal static compliance. Confusion with other chronic lung conditions can be clarified by straightforward observations and investigations. We believe that chronic bronchiolitis is fairly common and often misdiagnosed. The short- and medium-term prognosis appears good although small airways disease may persist into adult life.

Bronchiolitis, Viral↗
PubMed1982

Critical assessment of jacket plethysmographs for use in young children.

In infants and very young children changes in thoracic gas volume (Vtg) during tidal breathing and during intermittent positive-pressure lung inflations have been estimated from pressure changes within double-layered rubber jackets covering the thorax and abdomen. In vitro and in vivo assessments demonstrated the linearity of these jackets over the range of volume changes found in these young subjects during respiratory function tests, and the small intrajacket background pressure (2.5 cmH2O) had minimal effects on resting lung volume and lung mechanics. These jackets can be used to monitor tidal volume in quiet subjects, and if an intermittent positive-pressure inflation technique is used static compliance can be accurately measured. The hysteresis of natural rubber and the direct contact of the recording system with the subject renders it unsuitable for the measurement of lung mechanics during tidal breathing and for the estimation of Vtg during airway occlusions.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1981

Physiologic responses to prolonged and slow-rise inflation in the resuscitation of the asphyxiated newborn infant.

Measurements of thoracic volume, inflation pressure, and intrathoracic pressure have been recorded at the resuscitation of nine newborn babies. The initial inflation pressure was maintained for approximately five seconds which produced a twofold increase in inflation volume compared to standard resuscitation techniques and always led to formation of an FRC. When the inflation pressure was increased slowly over three to five seconds, the apparent opening pressure which occurred universally in square wave inflation was rarely seen.

Asphyxia Neonatorum↗
PubMed1981

Intrathoracic pressure and volume changes during the spontaneous onset of respiration in babies born by cesarean section and by vaginal delivery.

We studied the first breath of newborn infants delivered by cesarean section. Inspiratory pressure and volume were found to be similar to those in infants born vaginally. However, the expiratory and delivery pressures were found to be smaller. Functional residual capacity was formed less frequently after cesarean section than in the vaginally delivered group.

Cesarean Section↗
PubMed1981

Lung function abnormalities after acute bronchiolitis.

Measurements of thoracic gas volume, airways resistance, and total respiratory resistance were measured in a group of babies with acute severe bronchiolitis. Assessments were made at convalescence, three to four months later, and after 12 months. Clinical histories were also taken 12 months after the acute episode. Results at this time showed that 35% of the infants had coughing attacks, 50% episodes of wheezing, 50% had dry skin or eczema, and that over 75% had lung function abnormality.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

Work of breathing, intra-thoracic pressure and clinical findings in a group of babies with bronchiolitis.

Total work of breathing was measured on 55 occasions on 26 babies with acute bronchiolitis using a respiratory jacket to measure tidal volume and a naso-gastric tube to record oesophageal pressure. Work of breathing was increased six-fold on average and on one occasion exceeded forty times the expected. Approximately 40% of the intra-thoracic pressure swing was positive relative to atmospheric. It was not possible to correlate the work of breathing measurements with detailed clinical assessments.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

Relationship between apnoea and bradycardia in preterm infants.

Nine studies were carried out on seven babies who were having repeated episodes of bradycardia without any clinically obvious apnoea. Their mean gestational age was 31.7 weeks (range 29 to 36 weeks) and the mean birth weight was 1.56 kg (range 1.08 kg to 2.16 kg). Investigations were carried out in a total body plethysmograph. Face mask with a pneumotachograph attached to it measured flow. Tidal volume was obtained by integrating these signals. An oesophageal balloon measured intrathoracic pressure changes and the heart rate was measured from ECG chest electrodes. A total of 172 episodes of apnoea were observed. In 50% of these apnoeas, the airway was closed as determined by the absence of cardiac artefact on the flow signals. Apnoea was associated with bradycardia in just over 25% of all apnoea. It tended to occur early (11 to 14 sec). Whether the apnoea was central or obstructive had no effect on the pattern provided the baby did not make any inspiratory efforts. Inspiration against a closed airway produced bradycardia in over 50% of obstructive apnoea, the heart rate falling precipitously within 1 to 2 sec. These findings indicate that often bradycardias occur too early in apnoea to be due to central hypoxia and must be due to a peripheral mechanism.

Apnea↗
PubMed1981

Assessment of a new device for delivering aerosol drugs to asthmatic children.

A new device, known as the aero-chamber, for delivering aerosol drugs was compared with a standard aerosol inhaler in asthmatic children aged between 5 years 3 months and 13 years 10 months. The study was conducted under double-blind conditions using fenoterol, a beta 2 stimulant, as the active agent and a placebo. Response to treatment was assessed by measuring the peak expiratory flow rate before and after each inhaler. Seven of 10 children had greater mean improvements in peak expiratory flow rates when receiving the active drug from the aerochamber. The aerochamber offers a method for administering a whole range of canistered packaged drugs to children unable to use the standard inhalers.

Adolescent↗