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Biomedical subjects

A D Fisk

Publications and source records attributed to A D Fisk.

41 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Automatic category search and its transfer.

Experiments examined practice and transfer effects in consistently mapped (CM) and variably mapped (VM) semantic search. Experiment 1a examined improvements in reaction time in detecting words from a category as a function of the number of exemplars (4-12) in the category. All CM conditions showed improvement, but there was no significant effect of the number of exemplars. Experiment 1b examined the extent to which training on a subset of exemplars transferred to untrained members of the category. Results showed substantial positive transfer (60%-92%) to untrained exemplars from the trained category. The transfer was better if there were more exemplars in the training set. Experiment 2a showed practice reduced resource sensitivity in CM category search but did not benefit VM category search. Experiment 2b showed that under high workload, untrained exemplars of the trained CM category were detected when first presented to exhibit substantial positive transfer (70%). We conclude that many of the practice effects observed for CM category search take place at either the category level or the category feature level. We suggest that practice results in context activation of the category node or category features. This context activation hypothesis is evaluated with respect to major phenomena relating to automatic and controlled processing.

Discrimination Learning↗
PubMed1984

Memory as a function of attention, level of processing, and automatization.

The relationships between long-term memory (LTM) modification, attentional allocation, and type of processing are examined. Automatic/controlled processing theory (Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977) predicts that the nature and amount of controlled processing determines LTM storage and that stimuli can be automatically processed with no lasting LTM effect. Subjects performed the following: (a) an intentional learning, (b) a semantic categorization, (c) a graphic categorization, (d) a distracting digit-search while intentionally learning words, and (e) a distracting digit-search while ignoring words. Frequency judgments were more accurate in the semantic and intentional conditions than the graphic condition. Frequency judgments in the digit-search conditions were near chance. Experiment 2 extensively trained subjects to develop automatic categorization. Automatic categorization produced no frequency learning and little recognition. These results also disconfirm the Hasher and Zacks (1979) "automatic encoding" proposal regarding the nature of processing.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Category and word search: generalizing search principles to complex processing.

This research examines how the major phenomena of visual search for single characters generalize to word search and word-category search. Experiment 1 examined word and category visual search when the target and distractor sets had a varied mapping (VM) across trials. Reaction time was a linear function of the number of comparisons with a positive slope of 48 msec per word, 92 msec per category. The VM reaction time data indicated a self-terminating comparison process, and there was little or no improvement with practice. Experiment 2 examined search with a consistent mapping (CM) between targets and distractors. Category search slope dropped to 2 msec, and the function became nonlinear. Word search slope dropped to 18 msec, but the function became nonlinear. Word search slope dropped to 18 msec, but the function was still linear. Experiment 3 examined category detection carried out concurrently with serial recall of digits, allowing assessment of search performance under high workload. High workload caused a severe performance reduction in VM category search, and this decrement did not decrease with practice. High workload reduced initial performance in CM category search, but this decrement was eliminated with practice. The present category search results are similar to previous letter search results. Four principles of search are discussed in the context of a theory of automatic/control processing.

Attention↗