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Biomedical subjects

A Chamberlain

Publications and source records attributed to A Chamberlain.

33 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Issues in fertility control for mentally retarded female adolescents: II. Parental attitudes toward sterilization.

Knowledge of the issues involving sterilization for mentally retarded adolescents is limited. Data were obtained from 69 interviewed parents whose mentally retarded daughters were attending the Cincinnati Adolescent Clinic. (A companion paper focuses on the experience of these girls with sexual activity, sexual abuse, and contraceptive use.) Forty-six percent of the parents had considered sterilization for their daughters. Twenty-six percent were still seeking the operation. Interest in sterilization especially correlated with increased severity of retardation (P less than .005) and with difficulty teaching menstrual hygiene (P less than .005). Parents of mildly retarded females sought tubal ligation, and those with severely retarded daughters chose hysterectomy and stressed their concern about menstrual management. Eighty-five percent of the parents favored a state statute that would enable sterilization under certain conditions and limitations. In general, few parents supported either an extremely restrictive or permissive position about sterilization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Carbon monoxide yield of cigarettes and its relation to cardiorespiratory disease.

Estimates of the carbon monoxide yield of their cigarettes have been obtained for 4910 smokers (68% of all smokers) in the Whitehall study of men aged 40 to 64. In the 10 years after examination 635 men died. When men smoking cigarettes with high carbon monoxide yield were compared with those smoking cigarettes with a low yield, and after adjusting for age, employment grade, amount smoked, and tar yield, the risk of death was 32% lower for coronary heart disease, 49% higher for lung cancer, and 10% lower for total mortality; these differences were not statistically significant. Among men who said that they inhaled the risk of fatal coronary heart disease was 51% lower in the high carbon monoxide group (p less than 0.01), while the risk of lung cancer was 75% higher. These results provide no evidence that a smoker can reduce his risk of death by smoking a brand with a low carbon monoxide yield; he might even increase it. The complex interactions between characteristics of the smoker, smoking behaviour, constituents of tobacco smoke, and health are again demonstrated.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The Wessex abortion studies: II. Attitudes of consultant gynaecologists to provision of abortion services.

Interviews with consultant gynaecologists serving the Wessex region about various aspects of their abortion work revealed considerable variations in attitudes and practice. Although the respondents referred to the same criteria in deciding whether to do an abortion, the assessments they made about the significance of these criteria were more of an individual matter. The variation in assessments partly explains the interdistrict disparities in the availability of N.H.S. abortions.

Abortion Applicants↗
PubMed1977

Differences in breast cancer between Japan and the United States.

Two surgically treated series of 375 Japanese and 352 American women with breast cancer were compared with respect to overall survival and recurrence-free survival rates. Recurrence-free survival rates in Japanese women were superior to those in American women. Overall survival rates were also better in Japanese women, although the difference was not nearly as great as for recurrence-free survival. This seemed due to an improved survival after metastasis in the American women. In analyzing recurrence-free survival rates by age, we found that Japanese women 40 to 54 years old had better recurrence-free survival rates than other age subgroups. This age advantage was not observed in American women. For other age groups, there was relatively little advantage in survivorship in the Japanese series.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Adrenalectomy with radical mastectomy in the treatment of high-risk breast cancer.

Bilateral adrenalectomy with radical mastectomy has been performed in a series of 17 postmenopausal women with breast cancer having metastasis in four or more axillary lymph nodes. Results to date show that both the recurrence and mortality rates are significantly lowered in this group of "high-risk" breast cancer patients by the combined treatment. Of these 17 patients, 14 are living and well with no evidence of disease. Six are surviving without recurrence 5 or more years since their primary treatment. The study also demonstrated that adrenalectomy patients on hormone replacement therapy are able to lead full and active lives for a long time without complications. This pilot study should be considered as a guide to future clinical trials rather than as an immediate recommendation for general therapy.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1975

Marital and reproductive experience in a community-wide epidemiological study of breast cancer.

The relationship of marital and reproductive experience to human breast cancer was studied using data collected during 1956-1962 by the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology at the Roswell Park Memorial Institute in Buffalo, New York. Information of epidemiological interest was obtained from all women with cancers of the reporductive organs in Buffalo, New York, and the adjoining township of Kenmore. For comparison, a probability sample of the same population was selected. During 1965-1967, an International Collaborative Study with similar objectives found a striking positive relationship between age at first birth and breast cancer risk. This finding can be interpreted as either indicating that an event associated with first birth at an early age protects against the development of breast cancer or that the hormonal status of a women both produces a delay in a woman becoming pregnant and increases the risk of developing breast cancer. The analysis of marital and reproductive histories in the Buffalo population study confirms previous reports of an increasing risk of breast cancer with increasing age at first birth. Attempts to distinguish the two interpretations mentioned by analyzing the interval between first marriage and time of birth in addition to age at first birth were not conclusive. This necessitated a similar analysis of data available in a larger series of 1164 breast cancer patients and 1200 non-neoplastic controls hospitalized at the Roswell Park Memorial Institute during 1957-1965. The results do not show an influence of interval between first marriage and first birth but do show an increased risk of breast cancer with increasing age at first birth. The results are thus consistent with a protective effect of an earyl age at first birth. These findings also have a bearing on recent suggestions that ovulatory failure predisposes to development of breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Expectations and experiences of newly recruited Filipino nurses.

This article reports the preliminary results of a small study into the changing expectations of newly migrated Filipino nurses at a London hospital. The aim was to identify initial expectations and experiences. Focus group interviews were conducted with two groups of nurses shortly after their arrival. Career prospects and salaries were key factors influencing the decision to come to the UK. Differences emerged between the nurses' expectations of the nursing role and their actual experience on the wards. Adjusting to the new system of health care proved stressful but was helped by the provision of support services. Factors that may promote successful adaptation and retention included equal opportunities with respect to training and promotion and the use of culturally sensitive orientation programmes. Strategies to reduce social isolation may also be important. The results will be used to inform the trust's retention strategy and will also be of interest to other NHS trusts recruiting Filipino nurses and nurses from other countries.

Acculturation↗