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Biomedical subjects

A Carmi

Publications and source records attributed to A Carmi.

13 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

[Detection of pyrogenic exotoxin SpeA, SpeB and SpeC genes in Chilean streptococci isolates and their association with clinical manifestations].

BACKGROUND: The virulence of Streptococcus pyogenes is determined by a variety of structural molecules, toxins and complex enzymes. Pyrogenic exotoxins cause fever, erythematous reactions, cytotoxic and immunological effects. AIM: To assess the frequency of speA, SpeB and SpeC genes in Chilean Streptococcus pyogenes strains and their association with the invasiveness of infections. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The genes for pyrogenic exotoxins SpeA, SpeB and SpeC were determined by polymerase chain reactions in 114 strains of group A Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from Chilean patients with invasive or non invasive infections. RESULTS: The gene for SpeA was present in 30.7% of isolates, the gene for SpeB was present in 69.3% and the gen for SpeC in 44.7% of isolates. The gene for SpeA was present in 20 of 33 invasive infections and in 15 of 81 non invasive infections (p < 0.0001). On the contrary, the gene for SpeC was present in 11 of 33 invasive infections and in 41 of 81 non invasive infections (p < 0.05). The frequency of speB was similar in invasive and non invasive infections. CONCLUSIONS: There is a clear relationship between the presence of SpeA genes and the severity of infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1996

Organ transplantation in the mirror of the recent world-wide legislation.

Transplantation constitutes a rapidly changing field for medicolegal law-markers. Until two or three decades ago there were no laws governing organ transplants, and at least some of these processes fell within the realm of human experimentation. An extensive legislative work has been accomplished since then in order to catch up with the expeditious scientific progress. Transplantation is a definite medical process which requires a definite legal response. No wonder that some issues are dealt with by national laws in similar manners. Nevertheless, practice makes perfect, and recent legislations have gained experience and drawn their lessons from the former ones. The present review will analyze the guidelines concerning a few substantial issues, like distribution of organs, costs and donations, the removal-when and how allowed, and restrictions and conditions of removal. These and other issues have recently been formed by the following legislatures: Argentine, Canada, Columbia, Finland, France, India, Italy, Krygystan, Mexico, Peru, Portugal, Romania, Russia, USA and by the Council of Europe.

Guidelines as Topic↗
PubMed1993

Medical decisions under uncertainty.

The court applies the criteria of the reasonable doctor and common practice in order to consider the behaviour of a defendant physician. The meaning of our demand that the doctor expects that his or her acts or omissions will bring about certain implications is that, according to the present circumstances and subject to the limited knowledge of the common practice, the course of certain events or situations in the future may be assumed in spite of the fog of uncertainty which surrounds us. The miracles and wonders of creation are concealed from us, and we are not aware of the way and the nature of our bodily functioning. Therefore, there seems to be no way to avoid mistakes, because in several cases the correct diagnosis cannot be determined even with the most advanced application of all information available. Doctors find it difficult to admit that they grope in the dark. They wish to form clear and accurate diagnoses for their patients. The fact that their profession is faced with innumerable and unavoidable risks and mistakes is hard to swallow, and many of them claim that in their everyday work this does not happen. They should not content themselves by changing their style. A radical metamorphosis is needed. They should not be tempted to formulate their diagnoses in 'neutral' statements in order to be on the safe side. Uncertainty should be accepted and acknowledged by the profession and by the public at large as a human phenomenon, as an integral part of any human decision, and as a clear characteristic of any legal or medical diagnosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Humans↗
PubMed1991

On patient's rights.

A committee appointed by the World Health Organization was given the task of formulating a Declaration on the Rights of Patients. A member of this committee outlines the main guidelines formulated in the Declaration and discusses its utility in the struggle for patients' rights in general.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed1989

Human rights in medicine and law.

Human rights are discussed in the context of the technological advances in modern medicine and the complex sociological settings in which major issues, such as accessibility, availability, costs and quality and health care, scarce resources, and shifting values, have led to reconsideration of the present systems. Rights in the field of medicine and law are discussed in general, and patients' rights in particular.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1989

Israeli drug cases: field research.

This survey describes the general traits of drug-related crimes, the offenders and the judicial decisions. But statistics do not cure. Ways must be sought to discover the hidden powers that drive the drug phenomenon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

On cross-examination of expert witnesses.

Cross-examination is a very powerful weapon in court trials. Its success is measured by the final effect on the problem of proof. It can elicit favourable facts to one's case and also show that the witness is not worthy of credence or that his evidence is unacceptable. However pointless and endless cross-examination may prejudice the court against the case. A single question may make an opening for a flood of evidence. One unnecessary question may destroy a series of valuable answers and the whole case. There are occasions when silence is golden. A number of pertinent examples are cited to illustrate the values and pitfalls of cross-examination.

Criminal Law↗