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Biomedical subjects

A Bryant

Publications and source records attributed to A Bryant.

50 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

A double-blind, multicenter, comparative study of the safety and efficacy of cefixime versus amoxicillin in the treatment of acute urinary tract infections in adult patients.

In this 31-site multicenter trial, 565 adult patients with urinary tract infections were randomly assigned to receive either a 10-day course of cefixime 400 mg once daily (n = 279) or amoxicillin 250 mg three times daily (n = 286). Although all patients were included in the safety analysis, only 93 (33 percent) cefixime-treated and 99 (35 percent) amoxicillin-treated patients were fully evaluable for the efficacy analysis. One week after therapy, the evaluable patients treated with cefixime demonstrated a 90 percent clinical cure rate and a 92 percent eradication rate of the baseline pathogen. This compared with an 83 percent clinical cure rate and an 84 percent bacterial eradication rate in the amoxicillin-treated group. The most frequently isolated pathogen was Escherichia coli (80 percent) followed by Proteus mirabilis (10 percent). One hundred thirty-seven (49 percent) of the 279 cefixime-treated and 126 (44 percent) of the 286 amoxicillin-treated patients reported at least one adverse experience during the study. Adverse reactions associated with cefixime were similar to those reported for other beta-lactam antibiotics. The most frequent adverse experiences reported by cefixime-treated patients were diarrhea (15 percent) and stool changes (12 percent). Headaches (11 percent) and diarrhea (9 percent) were the most frequently reported adverse reactions by the amoxicillin-treated patients. Eleven cefixime-treated patients (3.9 percent) and 10 amoxicillin-treated patients (3.5 percent) discontinued therapy because of adverse experiences. Results of this study demonstrate that a once-daily regimen of cefixime is as safe and effective as a three-times-daily regimen of amoxicillin in the treatment of acute urinary tract infections. Although the incidence of bowel changes was somewhat higher in the cefixime treatment group, these events usually resolved when therapy was discontinued.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1988

Induction of autoimmunity with dendritic cells: studies on thyroiditis in mice.

The initiation and maintenance of thyroid autoimmunity by professional antigen-presenting cells were assessed by observing thyroiditis and induction of IgG antibodies to thyroglobulin (Tg). Dendritic cells (DC) were purified from spleens of CBA mice and T cells removed with anti-Thy 1 and complement. Some DC were pulsed with 25-500 micrograms/ml of mouse Tg in vitro and normal syngeneic mice received injections of 10(5) cells intravenously. In untreated animals only 1 thyroid out of 40 showed a lymphocyte infiltrate and antibody to Tg was rarely seen. In animals receiving normal DC without Tg, lymphocyte infiltration was seen 2-6 weeks later in 5 out of 33 thyroids and some animals produced low levels of antibody to thyroglobulin (8 of 33 animals). DC pulsed with 500 micrograms Tg/ml in vitro caused thyroid infiltration in 6 out of 15 animals but did not increase the incidence of anti-Tg antibodies. Lower doses had no effect. When 10(5) DC were given from animals with experimental allergic thyroiditis (EAT, induced with Tg in complete Freund's adjuvant, CFA) more than half of the recipient animals showed thyroiditis (8 out of 15) and autoantibody production (12 of 15 animals). DC may therefore play a role in the initiation and maintenance of autoimmunity by providing a stimulus for antigen-specific T cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Images of a lipid bilayer at molecular resolution by scanning tunneling microscopy.

The molecular structure of a fatty acid bilayer has been recorded with a scanning tunneling microscope operating in air. The molecular film, a bilayer of cadmium icosanoate (arachidate), was deposited onto a graphite substrate by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. The packing of the lipid film was found to be partially ordered. Along one axis of the triclinic unit cell the intermolecular distance varied randomly around a mean of 5.84 A with a SD of 0.24 A. Along the other axis the mean distance was 4.1 A and appeared to vary monotonically over several intermolecular distances, indicating that a superstructure of longer range may exist. The molecular density was one molecular per 19.4 A2. The surprising ability of the scanning tunneling microscope to image the individual molecular chains demonstrates that electrons from the graphite can be transferred along the molecular chains for a distance of 50 A.

Arachidonic Acid↗
PubMed1986

Cigarette withdrawal symptoms in adolescent smokers.

One hundred and sixteen female adolescent smokers were asked about withdrawal symptoms experienced during past attempts to give up smoking for good. Sixty-three percent reported difficulties during abstinence of the kind experienced by adult smokers. Daily smokers were more likely to report withdrawal effects than non-daily smokers (74% versus 47%, P less than 0.005). Reported experience of withdrawal symptoms was positively related to self-reports of cigarette consumption and depth of inhalation and nicotine intake as indexed by salivary cotinine concentrations. Reported occurrence of at least one withdrawal effect correlated positively with nicotine intake after controlling for behavioural variables. Our results indicate that teenage smokers are likely to suffer withdrawal symptoms when they try to give up. Behavioural factors and expectations based on observations of adults may have played a part in their experience of withdrawal, but it is also likely that pharmacological factors are implicated even at this early stage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Non-adherent, low-density cells from human peripheral blood contain dendritic cells and monocytes, both with veiled morphology.

Dendritic cells (DC) from human peripheral blood, known to adhere transiently and to become non-adherent by 16 hr, can be separated in the low-density interface on hypertonic Metrizamide gradients. Many more low-density cells (5.8% of the mononuclear cells separated on Ficoll) were obtained from the population that was non-adherent after only 90 min. Over 95% of these low-density cells had veiled morphology. A proportion were monocytes by phenotypic and phagocytic properties. One-third of the cells (on average) were DC on the basis of lack of monocyte phenotype and of potency as stimulators in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. Including both the 16 hr and 90 min non-adherent cells, over 2% of the mononuclear cells isolated from human peripheral blood may be DC.

5'-Nucleotidase↗
PubMed1976

Lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood of patients with farmer's lung.

The numbers of mononuclear cells having receptors for sheep red blood cells (T lymphocytes) or complement (B lymphocytes) in the peripheral blood of farmer's lung patients were determined. In patients recovering from a clinical episode of farmer's lung or exposed to moldy hay or fodder, both the percentage of T lymphocytes and the T lymphocytes per mm3 were reduced, whereas the number of B lymphocytes remained within normal limits. Farmer's lung patients having no exposure to moldy hay or fodder had T and B lymphocyte numbers similar to a normal population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of radiographic measurements in normal, hallux valgus, and hallux limitus feet.

This study investigated the differences in weightbearing, foot radiographs among normal subjects, those with hallux valgus, and those with hallux limitus. An intrarater reliability study of various x-ray measurements was conducted, utilizing seven dorsoplantar and six lateral measurements. The results showed that metatarsus primus adductus, increased metatarsal width, and a positive first metatarsal protrusion distance were associated with hallux valgus, whereas increased hallux interphalangeal angle was associated with hallux limitus.

Foot↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Barriers to employment among working-aged patients with major burn injury.

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of preexisting and burn-related impairments and to describe their association with preburn employment status. Data gathered during the acute hospitalization were analyzed on a consecutive series of burn patients aged 16 to 64 years (N = 770) enrolled in a prospective, longitudinal, multicenter study. Patients who were unemployed before the injury were more likely than those who were employed to report being alcohol-dependent (36 vs 18%), abusing other drugs (22 vs 10%), having received psychiatric treatment in the past year (21 vs 6%), and having preexisting physical disability (23 vs 3%); all were significant at P < .001). Of the unemployed patients who received toxicologic screening at admission, 49% tested positive for alcohol and 39% positive for other drugs, percentages that were significantly higher than 26 and 31%, respectively, for the employed. With adjustment for age, sex, race, and education, variables that were most predictive of preinjury unemployment status were preexisting physical disability (odds ratio, 51.0; 95% confidence interval, 7.7-336.9) and being alcohol-positive at admission (odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-6.8). Unemployed and employed patients also differed significantly in injury patterns and clinical outcomes, with inhalation injury and psychiatric distress being more prevalent among the unemployed and both hand burns and hand surgery among the employed. The greater prevalence of preexisting impairments among survivors who were unemployed before the injury helps explain why preburn employment status is such a powerful determinant of postburn work outcomes, and suggests the need to include psychosocial services in a program of comprehensive rehabilitation.

Adolescent↗