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A Aro

Publications and source records attributed to A Aro.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Association between trans fatty acid intake and cardiovascular risk factors in Europe: the TRANSFAIR study.

BACKGROUND: High intakes of trans fatty acids (TFA) have been found to exert an undesirable effect on serum lipid profiles, and thus may increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVES: Investigation of the association between TFA intake and serum lipids. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study in eight European countries (Finland, France, Greece, Iceland, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden) among 327 men and 299 women (50-65 y). Using a dietary history method, food consumption was assessed and TFA intake was calculated with recent figures on TFA levels of foods, collected in the TRANSFAIR study. RESULTS: Mean (+/-s.d.) TFA intake was 2.40+/-1.53 g/day for men and 1.98+/-1.49 g/day for women (0.87+/-0.48% and 0. 95+/-0.55% of energy, respectively), with the highest consumption in Iceland and the lowest in the Mediterranean countries. No associations were found between total TFA intake and LDL, HDL or LDL/HDL ratio after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors. Additional adjustment for other fatty acid clusters resulted in a significant inverse trend between total TFA intake and total cholesterol (Ptrend<0.03). The most abundantly occurring TFA isomer, C18:1 t, contributed substantially to this inverse association. The TFA isomers C14:1 t9, C16:1 t9 and C22:1 t were not associated or were positively associated with LDL or total cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: From this study we conclude that at the current European intake levels of trans fatty acids they are not associated with an unfavourable serum lipid profile. SPONSORSHIP: Unilever Research Laboratorium, the Dutch Dairy Foundation on Nutrition and Health, Cargill BV, the Institute of Food Research Norwich Laboratory, the Nutrition Branch of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the International Fishmeal and Oil Manufacturers' Association, Kraft Foods, NV Vandemoortele Coordination Center, Danone Group, McDonalds Deutschland Inc, Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Valio Ltd, Raisio Group. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, 126-135

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Validation of K x-ray fluorescence bone lead measurements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in cadaver legs.

K x-ray fluorescence (KXRF) systems are being used in a growing number of epidemiologic studies to measure bone lead levels as a biological marker of accumulated lead exposure. Although validation of the KXRF technique in lead-doped phantoms and bare bone specimens has been repeatedly demonstrated, few studies have compared KXRF to chemical measurements of actual intact cadaver limbs (with skin and soft tissues). In this study, lead levels in eight amputated human legs were measured by KXRF; after dissection, levels in the bare bones were again measured by KXRF and then by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We observed close agreement between the KXRF and ICP-MS measurements with correlation coefficients for both the tibia and patella greater than 0.9. In this study we provide further support for the validity of KXRF measurements, particularly with respect to the patella.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Determinants of bone and blood lead concentrations in the early postpartum period.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated determinants of bone and blood lead concentrations in 430 lactating Mexican women during the early postpartum period and the contribution of bone lead to blood lead. METHODS: Maternal venous lead was measured at delivery and postpartum, and bone lead concentrations, measured with in vivo K-x ray fluorescence, were measured post partum. Data on environmental exposure, demographic characteristics, and maternal factors related to exposure to lead were collected by questionnaire. Linear regression was used to examine the relations between bone and blood lead, demographics, and environmental exposure variables. RESULTS: Mean (SD) blood, tibial, and patellar lead concentrations were 9.5 (4.5) microg/dl, 10.2 (10.1) microg Pb/g bone mineral, and 15.2 (15.1) microg Pb/g bone mineral respectively. These values are considerably higher than values for women in the United States. Older age, the cumulative use of lead glazed pottery, and higher proportion of life spent in Mexico City were powerful predictors of higher bone lead concentrations. Use of lead glazed ceramics to cook food in the past week and increased patellar lead concentrations were significant predictors of increased blood lead. Patellar lead concentrations explained one third of the variance accounted for by the final blood lead model. Women in the 90th percentile for patella lead had an untransformed predicted mean blood lead concentration 3.6 microg/dl higher than those in the 10th percentile. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified the use of lead glazed ceramics as a major source of cumulative exposure to lead, as reflected by bone lead concentrations, as well as current exposure, reflected by blood lead, in Mexico. A higher proportion of life spent in Mexico City, a proxy for exposure to leaded gasoline emissions, was identified as the other major source of cumulative lead exposure. The influence of bone lead on blood lead coupled with the long half life of lead in bone has implications for other populations and suggests that bone stores may pose a threat to women of reproductive age long after exposure has declined.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Inverse association between dietary and serum conjugated linoleic acid and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is anticarcinogenic in experimental animal studies. We studied dietary and serum CLA in Finnish patients with breast cancer in 1992-1995. Participants were consecutive women with breast cancer (68 premenopausal and 127 postmenopausal) and population-based control women (75 premenopausal and 133 postmenopausal), matched for age and area of residence. Diet was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire and the fatty acid composition of serum by gas-liquid chromatography. In postmenopausal women, dietary CLA, serum CLA, myristic acid, and trans-vaccenic acid were significantly lower in cases than in controls. The odds ratio for breast cancer in the highest quintile vs. the lowest was 0.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.2-0.9]for CLA, 0.3 (95% CI = 0.1-0.7) for myristic acid, and 0.3 (95% CI = 0.1-0.7) for trans-vaccenic acid in serum. The odds ratios remained similar after adjustment for known risk factors of breast cancer. A diet composed of CLA-rich foods, particularly cheese, may protect against breast cancer in postmenopausal women, but it is impossible to assess the independent effects of CLA in this study. The findings may be of relevance for food production, inasmuch as it is possible to increase CLA and its precursor trans-vaccenic acid in foods by modifying the feeding of ruminants.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Measurement variability associated with KXRF bone lead measurement in young adults.

In vivo bone lead measurement using K X-ray fluorescence (KXRF) has been used to estimate long-term lead exposure, especially in adults. Relatively few studies have been conducted on young subjects with this technique. To explore the measurement variability of KXRF bone lead measurements in young subjects, the tibiae of two male cadavers from Boston, Massachusetts, 17 and 20 years of age, were obtained for repeated bone lead measurements. Bone lead concentrations were measured using a grid of nine locations, 1 cm apart, centered at the midpoint of the tibia. Each location was sampled using five 60-min measurements. Measured concentrations ranged from < 0 to 11.8 microg Pb/g bone mineral across a tibia with mean concentrations for the midpoint locations of 0.8 microg Pb/g bone mineral SD = 2.5 and 2.0 microg Pb/g bone mineral (SD = 1.9) for the left and right legs of the younger subject and 3.6 microg Pb/g bone mineral (SD = 2.6) and 6.0 microg Pb/g bone mineral (SD = 3.3) for the left and right legs of the older subject. Although bone lead concentrations did not vary significantly by measurement location in an individual leg, reported measurement uncertainty increased significantly at locations that were 1 cm from the center of the tibia horizontally (p < 0.0001). Symmetry in bone lead concentration between legs was observed for the 17-year-old subject. Potential asymmetry between the left and right legs was suggested for the 20-year-old subject (p = 0.06). These data describe the degree of variability that may be associated with bone lead measurements of young subjects with low bone lead concentrations using a standard spot-source KXRF instrument. Because of the importance of conducting additional research on adolescent lead toxicity, further improvements to the precision of KXRF measurement are needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Selenium supplementation of children in a selenium-deficient area in China: blood selenium levels and glutathione peroxidase activities.

Keshan disease is a cardiomyopathy restricted to the endemic areas of China and seen in residents having an extremely low selenium (Se) status. Prophylactic administration of sodium selenite has been shown to decrease significantly the incidence of acute and subacute cases. The aim offthe study was to assess the relative bioavailability of selenite versus organic Se-yeast in a Se-deficient area in China with a randomized double-blind double-dummy design. Healthy children (n=30) between 14 and 16 yr of age were randomized into three equal groups receiving either 200 microg/d selenite Se or 200 microg/d Se-yeast or placebo for 12 wk. Blood was drawn at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 wk and 4 wk postsupplementation. The plasma Se concentration (mean +/- SD) was 0.16+/-0.03 micromol/L at baseline. Selenite and Se-yeast supplementation increased plasma Se to plateau values, 1.0+/-0.2 and 1.3+/-0.2 micromol/L, respectively. In red cells, Se-yeast increased the selenium level sixfold and selenite threefold compared to placebo. The relative bioavailability of Se-yeast versus selenite measured as glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity was similar in plasma, red blood cells, and platelets. GSHPx activity reached maximal levels in plasma and platelets of 300% and 200%, respectively, after 8 wk compared to the placebo group, but continued to increase in red cells for 16 wk. Our study showed that although both forms of Se were equally effective in raising GSHPx activity, Se-yeast provided a longer lasting body pool of Se. Se-yeast may be a better alternative to selenite in the prophylaxis of Keshan disease with respect to building up of body stores.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Cow's milk consumption, HLA-DQB1 genotype, and type 1 diabetes: a nested case-control study of siblings of children with diabetes. Childhood diabetes in Finland study group.

The evidence for the putative role of cow's milk in the development of type 1 diabetes is controversial. We studied infant feeding patterns and childhood diet by structured questionnaire (n = 725) and HLA-DQB1 genotype by a polymerase chain reaction-based method (n = 556) in siblings of affected children and followed them for clinical type 1 diabetes. In a nested case-control design in a population who had both dietary and genetic data available, we selected as cases those siblings who progressed to clinical diabetes during the follow-up period (n = 33). For each case, we chose as matched control subjects siblings who fulfilled the following criteria: same sex, age within 1 year, not from the same family, the start of the follow-up within 6 months of that of the respective case, and being at risk for type 1 diabetes at the time the case presented with that disease (n = 254). The median follow-up time was 9.7 years (range 0.2-11.3). Early age at introduction of cow's milk supplements was not significantly associated with progression to clinical type 1 diabetes (relative risk adjusted for matching factors, maternal education, maternal and child's ages, childhood milk consumption, and genetic susceptibility markers was 1.60 [95% CI 0.5-5.1]). The estimated relative risk of childhood milk consumption for progression to type 1 diabetes was 5.37 (1.6-18.4) when adjusted for the matching and aforementioned sociodemographic factors, age at introduction of supplementary milk feeding, as well as for genetic susceptibility markers. In conclusion, our results provide support for the hypothesis that high consumption of cow's milk during childhood can be diabetogenic in siblings of children with type 1 diabetes. However, further studies are needed to assess the possible interaction between genetic disease susceptibility and dietary exposures in the development of this disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on symptoms and progression of intermittent claudication in a controlled trial.

We evaluated the effect of long-term supplementation with vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) and beta-carotene on occurrence of claudication symptoms and risk for peripheral vascular surgery among men with intermittent claudication. Subjects, 50-69-year old male smokers, were participants in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, who reported intermittent claudication through a structured questionnaire (Rose) at study entry (n=1484). They were randomly assigned to receive either 50 mg/day of alpha-tocopherol, or 20 mg/day of beta-carotene, or both, or placebo, in a 2 x 2 design. During follow-up, claudication was evaluated by repeating use of the questionnaire once a year. Information on peripheral vascular surgery came from the National Hospital Discharge Register. We observed no effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on claudication during a mean follow-up of 3.7 years. A slightly increased risk (odds ratio (OR) 1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-2.44) for vascular surgery was observed among beta-carotene supplemented men compared to those who did not receive beta-carotene. Alpha-tocopherol supplementation had no effect. In conclusion, long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene showed no beneficial effect on symptoms and progression of intermittent claudication.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

[Plasma homocysteine concentration in healthy middle-aged men and its presumed association with cardiovascular mortality].

It has recently become clear that hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for vascular diseases. The plasma homocysteine concentrations of 71 healthy men (aged 40-49) living in Hungary were compared with those of randomly selected healthy age-matched men (n = 260) living in 11 different countries. The association between the mean plasma homocysteine concentration and reported cardiovascular mortality was analyzed in the respective countries. In Hungary the mean (+/- SD) plasma homocysteine concentration was 10.6 +/- 4.3 mumol/l. In the 11 other countries the mean (+/- SD) plasma homocysteine concentration ranged from 7.1 +/- 1.4 mumol/l (Schleiz, Germany, n = 20) to 10.7 +/- 2.1 mumol/l (Kuopio, Finland, n = 20). There was a significant correlation (r = 0.71, p < 0.005) between the plasma homocysteine concentration and male cardiovascular mortality in there countries. The strength of the correlation between the male plasma homocysteine concentration and cardiovascular mortality suggests that homocysteine may be an important factor in the variation of cardiovascular mortality between populations. The mean plasma homocysteine concentrations were the highest in the Hungarian (Budapest and Pest county) and the Finnish (Kuopio) groups but cardiovascular mortality is higher in Hungary than in Finland, referring to the pivotal role of other cardiovascular risk factors for the Hungarian population.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of a food frequency questionnaire with weighed records, fatty acids, and alpha-tocopherol in adipose tissue and serum.

The authors examined the validity of a self-administered 180-item food frequency questionnaire in 125 Norwegian men aged 20-55 years who filled in the questionnaire and completed 14-day weighed records in fall 1995 to winter 1995/6. Spearman correlation coefficients between the two measurements ranged from 0.42 for percent of energy from fat to 0.66 for sugar intake (median r = 0.51). On average, 39% of the men were classified in the same quartile with the two methods, and 3% in the opposite quartile. Correlation coefficients between intake of fatty acids estimated from the questionnaire and the relative amounts of fatty acids in adipose tissue were: linoleic acid (18:2, n-6), r = 0.38; alpha-linolenic acid (18:3, n-3), r = 0.42; eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n-3), r = 0.52; and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, n-3), r = 0.49. The correlations for these fatty acids between the total serum lipids and the diet were 0.16, 0.28, 0.51 and 0.52, respectively. The data suggest that very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids in adipose tissue and total serum lipids reflect the dietary intake of very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids to the same degree. No associations were observed between intake of alpha-tocopherol and concentration in adipose tissue and serum.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

Validated method for the quantitation of quercetin from human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.

A validated method for the quantitation of trace levels of quercetin from human plasma to be used in pharmacokinetic and biomarker studies is presented. Quercetin conjugates were hydrolysed enzymatically, plasma proteins were removed using a Bond Elut C18 extraction column and additional interferences were removed by extracting them into a toluene-dichloromethane mixture. The HPLC system consisted of an Inertsil ODS-3 column (250 x 4.0 mm) and a mobile phase with 59% methanol in phosphate buffer (pH 2.4). High selectivity and a low quantitation limit (0.63 microg/l) were achieved by using electrochemical detection at a low potential. The method has excellent reproducibility: R.S.D. values of peak-heights were 2% and 7.9%, respectively, for within-day and between-day precision. The method was applied to a small scale study of quercetin pharmacokinetics and quercetin was shown to be absorbed from a 20 mg dose. No free quercetin was detected in plasma and no evidence of significant amounts of quercetin glycosides in plasma was found.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1999

Intake of fatty acids in western Europe with emphasis on trans fatty acids: the TRANSFAIR Study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the intake of trans fatty acids (TFA) and other fatty acids in 14 Western European countries. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: A maximum of 100 foods per country were sampled and centrally analysed. Each country calculated the intake of individual trans and other fatty acids, clusters of fatty acids and total fat in adults and/or the total population using the best available national food consumption data set. RESULTS: A wide variation was observed in the intake of total fat and (clusters) of fatty acids in absolute amounts. The variation in proportion of energy derived from total fat and from clusters of fatty acids was less. Only in Finland, Italy, Norway and Portugal total fat did provide on average less than 35% of energy intake. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) provided on average between 10% and 19% of total energy intake, with the lowest contribution in most Mediterranean countries. TFA intake ranged from 0.5% (Greece, Italy) to 2.1% (Iceland) of energy intake among men and from 0.8% (Greece) to 1.9% among women (Iceland) (1.2-6.7 g/d and 1.7-4.1 g/d, respectively). The TFA intake was lowest in Mediterranean countries (0.5-0.8 en%) but was also below 1% of energy in Finland and Germany. Moderate intakes were seen in Belgium, The Netherlands, Norway and UK and highest intake in Iceland. Trans isomers of C18:1 were the most TFA in the diet. Monounsaturated fatty acids contributed 9-12% of mean daily energy intake (except for Greece, nearly 18%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids 3-7%. CONCLUSION: The current intake of TFA in most Western European countries does not appear to be a reason for major concern. In several countries a considerable proportion of energy was derived from SFA. It would therefore be prudent to reduce intake of all cholesterol-raising fatty acids, TFA included.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Omega-3 fatty acids in adipose tissue and risk of myocardial infarction: the EURAMIC study.

Omega-3 fatty acids have potential antiatherogenic, antithrombotic, and antiarrhythmic properties, but their role in coronary heart disease remains controversial. To evaluate the association of omega-3 fatty acids in adipose tissue with the risk of myocardial infarction in men, a case-control study was conducted in eight European countries and Israel. Cases (n=639) included patients with a first myocardial infarction admitted to coronary care units within 24 hours from the onset of symptoms. Controls (n=700) were selected to represent the populations originating the cases. Adipose tissue levels of fatty acids were determined by capillary gas chromatography. The mean (+/-SD) proportion of alpha-linolenic acid was 0.77% (+/-0.19) of fatty acids in cases and 0.80% (+/-0.19) of fatty acids in controls (P=0.01). The relative risk for the highest quintile of alpha-linolenic acid compared with the lowest was 0.42 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.22 to 0.81, P-trend=0.02). After adjusting for classical risk factors, the relative risk for the highest quintile was 0.68 (95% CI 0.31 to 1.49, P-trend=0.38). The mean proportion of docosahexaenoic acid was 0.24% (+/-0.13) of fatty acids in cases and 0.25% (+/-0.13) of fatty acids in controls (P=0. 14), with no evidence of association with risk of myocardial infarction. In this large case-control study we could not detect a protective effect of docosahexaenoic acid on the risk of myocardial infarction. The protective effect of alpha-linolenic acid was attenuated after adjusting for classical risk factors (mainly smoking), but it deserves further research.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

The independent contribution of bone and erythrocyte lead to urinary lead among middle-aged and elderly men: the normative aging study.

Plasma is the component of blood from which lead is free to cross cell membranes and cause organ toxicity. Plasma lead levels, however, are extremely low and difficult to measure. Urinary lead originates from plasma lead that has been filtered at the glomerular level; thus, urinary lead adjusted for glomerular filtration rate serves as a proxy for plasma lead levels. In this investigation we examined the interrelationships of lead levels in whole blood corrected by hematocrit [i.e., erythrocyte lead (EPb)], trabecular bone (TBoPb), cortical bone (CBoPb), and urine excreted over 24 hr (UPb); all samples were obtained from 71 middle-aged and elderly men with no known occupational lead exposures. Lead was measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (blood), K-X-ray fluorescence (bone), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (urine). Lead levels were generally low, with mean EPb, TBoPb, and CBoPb values of 13.8, 31.1, and 21.7 microg/g, respectively, and a median UPb value of 6.15 microg/day. In generalized additive models adjusted for body weight and creatinine clearance rate, both EPb and bone lead variables remained independently and significantly associated with UPb. This finding suggests that bone influences plasma lead in a manner that is independent of the influence of erythrocytic lead on plasma lead. Thus, the superiority of bone lead over blood lead in predicting some chronic forms of toxicity may be mediated through bone's influence on plasma lead. In addition, this study suggests that measurement of urinary lead might be useful as a proxy for plasma lead levels in studies of lead toxicity.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Electrocardiographic conduction disturbances in association with low-level lead exposure (the Normative Aging Study).

Recent research indicates that cumulative exposure to lead may be more toxic than previously thought. This study was undertaken to examine the relation of low-level lead exposure to electrocardiographic (ECG) conduction disturbances among 775 men who participated in the Normative Aging Study (average age 68 years; range 48 to 93). We used K-x-ray fluorescence to measure lead levels in the tibia and patella, and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy to measure blood lead levels. The mean (SD) values for blood lead, tibia lead, and patella lead were 5.8 (3.4) microg/dl, 22.2 (13.4) microg/g, and 30.8 (19.2) microg/g, respectively. Bone lead levels were found to be positively associated with heart rate-corrected QT and QRS intervals, especially in younger men. Specifically, in men <65 years of age, a 10 microg/g increase in tibia lead was associated with an increase in the QT interval of 5.03 ms (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 9.22) and with an increase in the QRS interval of 4.83 ms (95% CI, 1.83 to 7.83) in multivariate regression models. In addition, an elevated bone lead level was found to be positively associated with an increased risk of intraventricular block in men <65 years of age and with an increased risk of atrioventricular (AV) block in men > or = 65 years of age. After adjustment for age and for serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level, a 10 microg/g increase in tibia lead was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.23 (95% CI, 1.28 to 3.90) for intraventricular block in men <65 years of age and with an OR of 1.22 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.47) for AV block in men > or = 65 years of age. Blood lead level was not associated with any of the ECG outcomes examined. The results suggest that cumulative exposure to lead, even at low levels, may depress cardiac conduction.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Cow's milk consumption, disease-associated autoantibodies and type 1 diabetes mellitus: a follow-up study in siblings of diabetic children. Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group.

Evidence from case-control studies for the diabetogenicity of introduction of cow's milk-based formulas at early age in infancy is inconclusive. We followed siblings of children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (Type 1 DM) to investigate a possible relationship between cow's milk consumption during infancy or later in childhood and the emergence of diabetes-associated autoantibodies and progression to clinical Type 1 DM. A cohort of 725 initially unaffected 0 to 25-year-old siblings of 801 index children with Type 1 DM diagnosed in 1986-1989 participated in the study (82% of those invited). The siblings were observed for Type 1 DM associated autoantibodies at intervals of 3-12 months for 4 years, starting from the diagnosis of Type 1 DM in the index child. The follow-up for Type 1 DM started at the same time and ended on 31 October 1995. The combined prevalence of Type 1 DM associated autoantibodies (islet cell antibodies (ICA), insulin autoantibodies (IAA), GAD autoantibodies (GADA), and/or antibodies to the insulinoma associated cDNA2 protein (IA-2A)) was 13.6% (95/697) at the beginning of the study. Of the initially seronegative siblings, 7.5% (45/602) converted to antibody positivity during 4 years, and of all siblings 4.6% (33/725) developed Type 1 DM during the total follow-up time. The age at introduction of supplementary milk feeding was not significantly related to seroconversion to positivity for Type 1 DM associated autoantibodies or to the development of Type 1 DM in the siblings. When adjusted for age, sex, infant feeding patterns, and maternal age and education, high milk consumption in childhood (> or =3 glasses daily) was associated with more frequent emergence of Type 1 DM-associated autoantibodies than low consumption (<3 glasses daily) (adjusted odds ratio 3.97, 95% confidence interval 1.3-11.7, p = 0.01). There was a non-significant association between high milk consumption and progression to clinical Type 1 DM (adjusted hazard ratio 2.75, 95% confidence interval 0.9-8.4, p = 0.07). To conclude, this study suggests that high consumption of cow's milk during childhood may be associated both with seroconversion to positivity for diabetes-associated autoantibodies and progression to clinical Type 1 DM among siblings of children with diabetes.

Adolescent↗