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Biomedical subjects

A Ahuja

Publications and source records attributed to A Ahuja.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

MR features of the denervated tongue in radiation induced neuropathy.

The MR features of the denervated tongue have been described following nerve injury from radical neck dissection and tumour invasion. The purpose of the study was to determine whether similar features are present in the tongue following radiation induced neuropathy (RIN). The clinical records and MR images of 12 patients with RIN of the hypoglossal nerve were reviewed retrospectively. T1 weighted SE images were performed in 12, T2 weighted TSE images in 11, fat suppressed images in 10 and contrast enhanced T1 weighted images in nine patients. The denervated tongue revealed "oedemalike" changes in five, fatty infiltration in six, atrophy in 11 and pseudohypertrophy in one patient. Abnormal enhancement was not identified, and in five patients the signal intensity was normal on all sequences. The oedemalike changes, fatty infiltration and normal signal intensity were seen 2-48, 2-48, and 6-63 months, respectively, after the onset of RIN. In conclusion, there was no discernible relationship between the duration of RIN and the MR appearance of the denervated tongue. Oedemalike changes, previously described in the acute/subacute phase of denervation, were also seen in long-standing disease and there was no associated abnormal enhancement in any case. Furthermore, the signal intensity may be normal, the MR diagnosis relying on asymmetry of the size of the tongue. It is postulated that radiation causes incomplete and ongoing damage of the nerve, the course of which is unpredictable.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Solitary cystic nodal metastasis from occult papillary carcinoma of the thyroid mimicking a branchial cyst: a potential pitfall.

Thyroid carcinoma presenting as cervical lymph node metastasis with a clinically normal neck indicates an aggressive tumour of the thyroid. When the nodal metastasis is solitary and cystic, with no obvious suspicious thyroid mass on ultrasound (US) it may be mistaken for a branchial cyst. As the management of these two conditions is different, it is important to make a correct pre-operative diagnosis. We present the US features that help in distinguishing the two.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Peritonsillar abscess appearance on intra-oral ultrasonography.

The ultrasound appearances of peritonsillar abscesses (PTA) in 15 patients with clinically suspected peritonsillar infection were assessed using intra-oral sonography and computed tomography (CT). The ultrasonic appearances of an isoechoic rim with a hypoechoic centre were seen in the majority of cases, but a homogeneous isoechoic pattern was also recognized. The different ultrasonic appearances did not correlate with the number of symptomatic days. A central hypoechoic area with a surrounding isoechoic rim pattern was less likely if the volume of pus relative to the whole abscess was less than 10% on CT. Although the percentage of necrosis within the abscesses increased with time, the homogeneous isoechoic appearing abscesses, with less than 10% necrosis, did not fit in temporally and based on our findings it was not possible to predict the ultrasound appearances according to the duration of symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Alteration of thyroid blood flow during the normal menstrual cycle in healthy Chinese women.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between thyroid activity and the menstrual cycle by measuring the Doppler parameters of the superior thyroid arteries in women of reproductive age. The study was performed in 27 healthy Chinese women aged between 19 and 28 y for one menstrual cycle, and 25 age-matched healthy Chinese men for 3 weeks for comparison. In women, the peak systolic velocity increased from the follicular phase to the luteal phase, and the pulsatility index decreased from the follicular phase to the ovulatory phase and increased slightly in the luteal phase. In men, alterations in the pattern of thyroid blood flow were not observed; however, the average values of Doppler parameters during the study period in women were similar to those in men. The gender difference in the pattern of flow characteristics in the superior thyroid artery suggests effects of estrogen on thyroid function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The value of thyroid parenchymal echogenicity as an indicator of pathology using the sternomastoid muscle for comparison.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of comparison of the echogenicity of the thyroid gland with the sternomastoid muscle in diagnosis of thyroid disorders. Fifty healthy subjects underwent a thyroid ultrasound, and 80 patients with archived thyroid ultrasound examinations (50 thyrotoxicosis and 30 thyroiditis) were reviewed. Images were measured for the image density of the thyroid gland and the sternomastoid muscle, using a transmission densitometer. Healthy thyroid was relatively hyperechoic when compared with the sternomastoid muscle (100%). Of the thyrotoxic patients, 70% showed a relatively hyperechoic thyroid compared to 47% of the thyroiditis patients. Mean image density difference in healthy thyroid, thyrotoxicosis and thyroiditis ranged from 0.1 to 1, -0.42 to 0.83, and -0.55 to 0.58, respectively. In conclusion, the relative echogenicity of the thyroid gland when compared with the sternomastoid muscle may be useful to differentiate healthy thyroid from thyrotoxicosis and thyroiditis, but does not help to distinguish thyrotoxicosis from thyroiditis. An image density difference of less than 0.1 may be considered to be abnormal, whereas a value greater than 0.83 may be considered to be normal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Diagnostic accuracy of sonographic criteria for evaluation of cervical lymphadenopathy.

Although ultrasonographic criteria for abnormal nodes are used routinely in the evaluation of cervical lymphadenopathy, the diagnostic accuracy of these criteria in different areas has not been documented. This study evaluated 977 normal cervical nodes from 80 normal subjects and 1419 abnormal cervical nodes from 277 patients with proven cervical lymphadenopathy. The diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy) of size, shape (short axis to long axis ratio), echogenic hilus, and nodal border for regional lymph nodes are evaluated and discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of buccoadhesive metronidazole tablets: microbiological response.

Metronidazole has been found beneficial in a number of oro-dental infections namely dry socket, gingivitis, smelling tumours and periodontal diseases where anaerobes are implicated as pathogens. Buccoadhesive tablets of metronidazole were prepared by compressing the drug, bioadhesive polymers namely Carbopol-934P, a cellulose ether derivative, mannitol and suitable flavouring and sweetening agents. The tablet showed good release in vitro. It was subjected to in-situ release studies using bovine cheek pouch membrane in a flow through cell. The concentration was found to be above the MIC of the drug over the entire period of the release studies. The samples were tested against anaerobic strains commonly found in oro-dental infections. Since anaerobes are very slow growing microorganisms, a method for testing their susceptibility to metronidazole solutions was developed which can be used for other bioadhesive formulations which are active against anaerobes.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1998

Formulation and characterisation of a buccoadhesive erodible tablet for the treatment of oral lesions.

Buccoadhesive erodible tablets of trimcinolone acetonide were prepared using different bioadhesive polymers along with excipients like mannitol and PEG-6000. In vitro release characteristics were evaluated using a 'flow-thru assembly' which simulated the conditions of the human buccal cavity. The bioadhesive performance and the surface pH of the tablets was satisfactory. The optimized formulation containing 8.0 mg of triamcinolone acetonide, 2.5 mg of mannitol, 7.5 mg of PEG-6000, 2.0 mg of magnesium stearate along with carbopol-934P (CP-934P) and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose-DVP (SCMC-DVP) in the ratio of 1:4 was found to release the drug for a period of over 8 h without getting dislodged. Maximum in vitro drug release was found to be 79.08% in 8 h study. In vivo evaluation of placebo buccoadhesive tablets revealed adequate comfort, taste, non-irritancy during the period of study. None of the volunteers reported severe dry mouth/severe salivation or heaviness at the place of attachment. A linear and positive correlation was found between in vitro and in vivo mean adhesion time. The buccoadhesive tablet eroded completely after 8 h leaving no exhausted device to be removed. This formulation has potential clinical usefulness for the treatment of oral lesions.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1997

A practical approach to ultrasound of cervical lymph nodes.

Although the role of high resolution ultrasound (US) in evaluating cervical nodes is well established, it is often combined with fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). As a result, US appearances that help in distinguishing the various causes of cervical adenopathy are often overlooked and not emphasized. The aim of this study is to re-emphasize to the sonologist the US clues that may help in differentiating the aetiology of abnormal cervical nodes. We, therefore, present the spectrum of US appearances of lymph nodes. One hundred and forty patients (702 abnormal nodes) with known pathology were compared with 100 normal subjects (1211 nodes). After identifying an abnormal nodes, US features that further help in distinguishing between the various pathologies are the distribution of lymphadenopathy, echogenicity, calcification, distal enhancement, intranodal cystic necrosis, matting and soft tissue oedema.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

In vivo demonstration of microcalcification in breast cancer using high resolution ultrasound.

84 patients with 89 primary breast cancers underwent high resolution ultrasound, mammography and histological evaluation. Pathological specimens and hard copy images of both imaging modalities were reviewed in order to document the amount of microcalcification present in each tumour. A total of 44, 40 and 46 tumours had visible microcalcification using high resolution ultrasound, mammography and histology, respectively. Using mammography as the gold standard, ultrasound achieved a sensitivity of 95%, specificity of 87.8% and accuracy of 91% in the detection of microcalcification. Histology had a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 71.4% and accuracy of 75.3%. We conclude that ultrasound is sensitive in the detection of microcalcification in breast cancer when they are within a mass lesion, and is a reliable diagnostic sign of carcinoma when present.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Sonographic features of head and neck hemangiomas and vascular malformations: review of 23 patients.

The sonographic features of 23 head and neck hemangiomas and vascular malformations are presented. A focal mass lesion was seen in all patients. The predominant sonographic features were a well-defined hypoechoic mass lesion with heterogeneous echotexture and the presence of cystic and sinusoidal spaces within, as well as the occasional presence of phleboliths. Color Doppler imaging demonstrated flow in 12 of 13 lesions. When performing sonography on soft tissue masses in the head and neck, the presence of color Doppler signal in a well-defined hypoechoic mass with heterogeneous echotexture should raise the possibility of an hemangioma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Intracranial vascular calcifications, glioblastoma multiforme, and lead poisoning.

A 72-year-man with previous lead poisoning presented with raised intracranial pressure and localizing neurologic signs. CT scans showed a high-grade glioma and extensive intracranial calcifications, which proved to be vascular in distribution on postmortem examination. The latter findings support the concept of dystrophic calcification following lead-induced cerebrovascular injury. Lead poisoning should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained intracranial calcifications. There is also evidence from previous studies to suggest a causative relationship between lead poisoning and development of glioma.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Cloverleaf skull--when should one operate?

Cloverleaf skull or kleeblattschadel usually occurs as a result of premature closure of the cranial sutures, with accompanying hydrocephalus, proptosis, cranial base and midface hypoplasia. The incidence of this abnormality is rare, with less than 130 reported cases in the literature, and is associated with various congenital syndromes. Conventional surgical management advocates shunting prior to definitive craniotomy and bone remodeling. We report an unusual case of Pfeiffer syndrome with associated cloverleaf skull deformity, in which early surgery was vital for decompression of raised intracranial pressure and shunt independence for the first six months. A secondary craniofacial procedure was performed at nine months of age to improve cosmesis. In such cases, good outcome can be achieved if aggressive surgery is combined with good paediatric anaesthesia and intensive care.

Acrocephalosyndactylia↗
PubMed1996

Iliopsoas haematoma in an adolescent Taekwondo player.

A 16-year-old male Taekwondo player was admitted with a 1-day history of right groin pain and a palpable mass in the right lower abdominal quadrant following a Taekwondo training session. No history of direct trauma was given, but the pain followed a high inward-to-outward kick. The patient was not on any medication, and tumour and infection were excluded. A high-resolution real-time ultrasound scan identified a well-defined, hyperechoic, heterogeneous mass in the substance of the right iliopsoas muscle, compatible with a collection of partially clotted blood, confirming the clinical diagnosis of iliopsoas haematoma. After conservative treatment the patient resumed training and is now fully asymptomatic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The sonographic appearance and significance of cervical metastatic nodes following radiotherapy for nasopharyngaeal carcinoma.

Serial ultrasound (US) was performed on 36 patients with palpable malignant nodes in the neck who had radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). All patients had a preradiotherapy baseline US examination, and follow-up studies at least 8 weeks after radiotherapy (RT). After RT there was diminution in size and disappearance of some of the nodes. However, in the residual nodes, US criteria for malignant nodes were still present in many of the post RT nodes. i.e. 140/143 (97.9%) residual nodes had an absent hilus and all the nodes were poorly reflective, 122 (85.3%) nodes still had sharp borders, 53 (37.1%) had a short to long axis (S/L) ratio greater than 0.5 and 11 (7.7%) nodes were greater than 8 mm in size. These parameters therefore are not of value in determining the persistence or recurrence of disease in a previously abnormal node. Appreciation of this fact should prevent unnecessary fine needle aspiration of these nodes up to 3 months following radiotherapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The use of sonography in differentiating cervical lymphomatous lymph nodes from cervical metastatic lymph nodes.

Lymphoma and metastases are common causes of cervical lymphadenopathy. Clinical examination alone is unable to differentiate the two. Ultrasound (US) with its high sensitivity and specificity when combined with a find needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is therefore the ideal initial investigation. We present the spectrum of findings in 19 patients with non Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL), 15 patients with pharyngeal, laryngeal and oesophageal (PLO) carcinomas, 22 patients with oral cavity tumours and 12 patients with infraclavicular carcinomas. The US features found consistently useful in differentiating NHL from other metastases were the distribution of the nodes, distal enhancement and lack of intranodal necrosis. Other US features of abnormal nodes helped identify abnormality but did not help in differentiation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Traumatic indirect carotid-cavernous fistula: report of two cases.

UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVE AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: We present two cases of post-traumatic indirect carotid-cavernous fistulas. Trauma produces the direct type of carotid-cavernous fistula in almost all cases, and recognition that trauma may induce the indirect type has been rarely reported. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Both patients presented with signs and symptoms of direct carotid-cavernous fistulas, including bruit, proptosis, and chemosis, after trauma to the head. INTERVENTION: The two patients were treated by transarterial embolization, resulting in immediate and permanent occlusion of the fistula. CONCLUSION: Trauma may rarely induce an indirect type of carotid-cavernous fistula. This posttraumatic, indirect carotid-cavernous fistula was, in these two cases, successfully and permanently cured by transarterial embolization because of the large fistulous connection between the branches of the external carotid artery and the cavernous sinus.

Adult↗