Biomedical subjects

A A Frazier

Publications and source records attributed to A A Frazier.

7 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1999

Prevalence and distribution of extraperitoneal hemorrhage associated with splenic injury in infants and children.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of associated extraperitoneal hemorrhage in infants and children with splenic injury. CONCLUSION: Splenic injury occasionally resulted in extraperitoneal hemorrhage that tracked into the anterior pararenal space. Extraperitoneal hemorrhage always occurred in association with intraperitoneal hemorrhage. In addition, blood tracking into the anterior pararenal space after splenic injury dissected the splenic vein and pancreas in two (25%) of eight patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Pathological-radiological correlations: pathological and radiological correlation of endobronchial neoplasms: part II, malignant tumors.

The majority of lung neoplasms are malignant. Many of these are central and have an associated endobronchial component. Most such neoplasms are of surface epithelial origin; however, neoplasms of submucosal gland, mesenchymal, and lymphoreticular origin may also demonstrate an endobronchial component. Because of their endobronchial location and associated symptoms, these patients often present at an earlier stage than purely parenchymal lung malignancies. The radiographic features in such cases may be similar to those associated with benign endobronchial tumors; however, there are certain radiological signs that are more suggestive of a malignant process. Despite these circumstances, conservative management such as endoscopic excision are inappropriate in most instances. The clinicopathologic and radiological features of these lesions are detailed.

Bronchial Neoplasms↗

PubMed1995

CT of the mesentery, omentum, and peritoneum in children.

Primary abnormalities of the peritoneum are rare in children. However, there is frequent secondary involvement of the peritoneal cavity and its specialized folds, the mesentery and omentum, in the presence of infectious, neoplastic, and traumatic conditions that originate at other sites in the abdomen or pelvis. Computed tomography (CT) is usually the modality of choice for evaluation of complex abdominal or pelvic pathologic conditions. Peritoneal cavity abnormalities include peritoneal fluid, pneumoperitoneum, and hemoperitoneum; peritoneal abscesses and peritonitis; metastases; and bladder or bowel rupture and solid organ injury. Mesenteric and omental abnormalities include an increase in or infiltration of mesenteric and omental fat; mesenteric lymphadenitis; mid-gut malrotation and bowel herniation; a variety of infections; metastases, lymphoma, and lymphangioma; and mesenteric injury. Knowledge of the spectrum of abnormalities that involve the mesentery, omentum, and peritoneal cavity and the characteristic CT appearances of these abnormalities is essential for improved diagnosis of these conditions.

Child↗

PubMed1993

From the archives of the AFIP. Extralobar sequestration: radiologic-pathologic correlation.

Extralobar sequestration is a rare congenital anomaly that consists of pulmonary tissue anatomically separate from normal lung and usually deriving its blood supply from systemic vessels. The lesion typically manifests in the newborn period or early infancy with symptoms of respiratory distress. Less frequently, patients present in childhood or adulthood. Grossly and microscopically, the lesion resembles lung tissue. The typical radiologic finding is a homogeneous soft-tissue mass in the lower hemithorax. However, these lesions can also occur in the mediastinum, within the diaphragm, and, rarely, below the diaphragm. Radiologic diagnosis rests on identification of the systemic vascular supply. Although angiography has been routinely used in the past in evaluating these lesions, other modalities including ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging may demonstrate the anomalous feeding and draining vessels. Treatment of extralobar sequestration consists of surgical excision of the mass. Prognosis is usually favorable in the absence of associated congenital anomalies.

Bronchopulmonary Sequestration↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Intralobar sequestration: radiologic-pathologic correlation.

Intralobar sequestration accounts for 75% of pulmonary sequestrations. The lesion consists of lung tissue that lacks normal communication to the tracheobronchial tree, has systemic arterial supply, and shares the pleura of the parent lobe. The majority of intralobar sequestrations are probably acquired lesions. Patients usually present before the age of 20 years with recurrent infection. At pathologic examination, intralobar sequestration is characterized by inflammation and fibrosis. At radiologic examination, intralobar sequestration typically appears as a consolidation or mass, with or without cavitation, within a lower lobe. In many cases, cystic change may be present within the affected lobe. Identification of a systemic arterial supply supports the diagnosis. Patients are treated with surgical excision, and prognosis is favorable.

Bronchopulmonary Sequestration↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis: radiologic-pathologic correlation.

Five distinct clinical syndromes of pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis are currently recognized: Wegener granulomatosis, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis, bronchocentric granulomatosis, and allergic angiitis and granulomatosis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). Patients typically present in middle age with fever, cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, or chest discomfort. Upper airway involvement such as sinusitis suggests Wegener granulomatosis. Medical renal disease is associated with Wegener granulomatosis and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Asthma may be present in bronchocentric granulomatosis and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Pathologic examination of these entities demonstrates vasculitis, granulomatous inflammation, and parenchymal necrosis. The radiologic manifestations of pulmonary disease are varied, but the most typical appearance is that of multiple nodules or masses that may demonstrate cavitation. Diffuse multifocal air-space opacities with or without cavitation may also be seen. Pulmonary hemorrhage is a well-known presenting manifestation of Wegener granulomatosis and, less commonly, of Churg-Strauss syndrome. Because of the multifocal lung involvement in these diseases, pulmonary metastases and infectious causes are often considered in the differential diagnosis. Affected patients are treated with cytotoxic agents and corticosteroids. The prognosis is variable, depending on the specific syndrome, but may be favorable in the absence of significant complications.

Churg-Strauss Syndrome↗

PubMedDate not supplied

From the archives of the AFIP: pulmonary vasculature: hypertension and infarction.

Pulmonary hypertension is the hemodynamic consequence of vascular changes within the precapillary (arterial) or postcapillary (venous) pulmonary circulation. These changes may be idiopathic, as in primary pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, but more commonly they represent a secondary response to alterations in pulmonary blood flow. The pulmonary and systemic bronchial circulations form broad anastomoses that largely prevent infarction except in settings of markedly elevated pulmonary venous pressure, underlying malignancy, or excessive embolic burden. Causes of precapillary pulmonary hypertension include long-standing cardiac left-to-right shunt, chronic thromboembolic disease, and widespread pulmonary embolism arising from intravascular malignant cells, parasites, or foreign materials. The classic radiologic features of precapillary pulmonary hypertension are central arterial enlargement, sharply pruned peripheral vascularity, and right-sided heart hypertrophy and chamber dilatation. Postcapillary pulmonary hypertension may develop secondary to focal venous constriction or to compromised pulmonary venous drainage due to left atrial neoplasia, mitral stenosis, or left ventricular failure. Radiologic manifestations of postcapillary pulmonary hypertension include prominent septal lines, small pleural effusions, and occasionally air-space opacities. In addition, radiologic evaluation of postcapillary pulmonary hypertension may demonstrate evidence of pulmonary arterial hypertension, secondary to the retrograde transmission of elevated pulmonary venous pressure across the capillary bed.

Arteriovenous Anastomosis↗