The fetish, transitional objects, and illusion.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
A A Bronstein
Publications and source records attributed to A A Bronstein.
The working through of patients' suicides by four therapists.
In 1976 four psychotherapists in training at one institution had patients who committed suicide. The therapists met as a group over a one-year period. This paper presents brief case summaries, explores the reactions of each therapist, presents conclusions regarding the mourning process following patients' suicides, and puts forth implications and suggestions for training programs. The authors conclude that it is necessary for therapists, supervisors, and training programs to recognize the inevitability of crises and tragedies when working with disturbed persons and that, though the process of mourning must be worked through individually, training settings can permit therapists to experience the pain and loneliness while providing opportunities for mastery and growth.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
A clinical application of subliminal psychodynamic activation. On the stimulation of symbiotic fantasies as an adjunct in the treatment of hospitalized schizophrenics.
This study attempted to utilize the subliminal psychodynamic activation method as an aid in the treatment of hospitalized schizophrenics. More specifically, we inbestigated whether the subliminal activation of a fantasy of symbiotic gratification would produce an increment in the degree of improvement that schizophrenics manifested as a result of hospitalization. Forty male patients were seen individually for three weekly sessions over a 6-week period for a fantasy expression task carried out by a psychology graduate student. Both at the beginning and at the end of each session and whenever during the session anxiety was in evidence, the patient was exposed to subliminal stimulation. The patients were divided into two groups equated for intelligence, pathology level, and other pertinent variables. For one group, the tachistoscopically presented stimulus consisted of MOMMY AND I ARE ONE, a verbal message which, in several prior studies, produced a significant reduction in ego impairment within a laboratory session. The other group served as a control, and their stimulus was PEOPLE ARE WALKING. The subjects in each group were subdivided in order to investigate the effects of two other interventions in addition to the subliminal symbiotic stimulation. One of these was aggressive expression consisting of an attempt to elicit specifically aggressive fantasies in the fantasy expression task. The other was self-focuing, designed to strengthen self-boundaries. All patients were blindly assessed for seven measures of ego impairment before and after the intervention period and for the number of rehospitalizations over a 9-month follow-up period. Of the three types of interventions impairment measures. For on of the variables, the symbiotic group showed significantly more improvement than the control group, while for two others the results approached significance. In addition, on an overall measure of ego impairment, there was significantly mor improvement for the symbiotic group than for the control patients.
Aggression↗
The role of gravity in the phylogeny of structure and function in animal sensors of spatial orientation, and their predicted action in weightlessness.
The evolution of the structural, functional and cytochemical organization of the gravity receptor which determines a body position in the gravitational field of the earth by means of muscular regulation was traced both invertebrates and vertebrates, using electron microscopic and histochemical methods. In the course of evolution of vertebrates, the specialized gravity receptor-statocyst which, as a rule, consists of primary sensory cells and supplies otoliths, is formed. In vertebrates, there exists a vestibular apparatus made up of secondary sensory cells and also having otoliths. The receptor cells, both of statocysts and the vestibular apparatus, are supplied with special antennas (kinocilia and stereocilia). Deviation of the antennas stimulated by displacement of the otoliths resulting from locomotor activity of animals leads to excitation of the receptor cells. When exposed to a modified gravitational field (linear accelerations of 10 g, for 3 min), the receptor cells of the vestibular apparatus, in all classes of vertebrates, show progressive changes in RNA content and protein synthesis (increase followed by decrease) which return to normal only after 12 days. Thus, immediate transfer of animals and man from acceleration to weightlessness appears to be a reason for movement disease. The above consideration showed the need for an experiment in which an animal (with its vestibular apparatus) which had not undergone previous accelerations, would be exposed to weightlessness. Frog embryos, Rana temporaria, at the stage preceding the organogenesis, when the vestibular apparatus and other organs were lacking, were chosen as a suitable subject. Frog embryos at the stage of an early gastrula were placed in a special container Emkon aboard the Soyuz 10 spacecraft. After short accelerations, they were exposed to weightlessness for 44 hours. The embryos were allowed to continue to develop to the stage of early tail bud. The experimental embryos showed normally developed acoustic vesicles and vestibular ganglia. Clear differentiation of the receptor cells with antennas (kinocilia and stereocilia) was found in the acoustic vesicles. Thus, in weightlessness, vestibular apparatus develops just as well as in the gravitational field of the earth. However, only a much longer stay in weightlessness conditions will indicate whether there are any changes in the structural, cytochemical and functional organization of vestibular apparatus. The similarity in the structural, functional and cytochemical organization of the gravity receptor in vertebrates and invertebrates appears to allow the prediction of the behaviour of the gravity receptor as a whole, and of its receptor elements, both in normal and changed gravitational fields. The first attempts were carried out only on the vestibular apparatus of vertebrates.
Acetylcholinesterase↗
The structural and functional organization of the vestibular apparatus of rats exposed to weightlessness for 20 days on board the Sputnik "Kosmos-782".
This investigation of the vestibular apparatus of rats exposed for 20 days to weightlessness on board an earth satellite and to acceleration during take-off and landing has revealed a set of changes in the structural and functional organization, such as adjoinment of the otolith to the utricle receptor surface and peripheral localization of the nucleoli inside the receptor cells' nuclei. Destruction of some receptor cells, apparently due to increased swelling of the vestibular apparatus tissue and alteration of the shape and structure of the otoconia were observed. In the horizontal crista, detachment of the cupula took place.
Acceleration↗